Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant endocrine tumor.The xenograft nude mice model of thyroid cancer have played an important role in studying thyroid cancer.Different mouse model has distinctive characters and limitations,so it is important to choose a suitable mice model due to the experiment purpose.In this paper,the authors will address the research progress of human thyroid cancer xenograft nude models.

Maple syrup disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused primarily by mutations of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC). BCKDC includes at least four pathogenic genes of BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DLD and DBT. The clinical manifestations of MSUD are complex, and the main symptoms at the early stage include difficulty in feeding, drowsiness, change in muscle tone and special urine flavor of maple syrup. As the disease progresses, convulsion, hypoglycemia, coma and systemic failure may occur. MSUD is easily missed or misdiagnosed during the neonatal period. This paper provides a review for recent progress made in research on MSUD including etiology, physiopathology, clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination and treatment, with a particular emphasis on genetic testing and treatment.
3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) ; genetics ; Humans ; Maple Syrup Urine Disease ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Mutation

Objective: To explore the effect of a preschool-based fluoride application on early childhood caries (ECC) prevention among 5 to 6-years old children in two urban districts of Xi’an. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by using a two-stage cluster method. A total of 564 children aged 5 to 6-years old from eight preschools were recruited for this study. Each participant was assessed dental caries and debris index. Time and materical for topical fluorine application was recorded. Parents/guardians completed a structured self-administered questionnaire, which included demographic, family and social factors (educational level of parents,household monthly income, etc). Children’s oral health related behaviors (age to start brushing, brushing tooth frequency, parents supports in child’s teeth brushing, and whether use fluoride toothpaste); dietary habit (frequency of dessert, desert before sleep, dental discomfort within 12 months, visits to dentist within 12 months). The status of dental caries was shown in the form of the mean dmft and the prevalence of ECC. Results: The prevalence of ECC and mean dmft of children was 63.8% and (3.00±3.33) respectively. Among the 294 children aged 5-6 years old, the average intervention time was (4.83±1.00), 33.7% of the children only applied fluorine vanish, 66.3% of the children applied fluorine vanish and fluorine foam. The prevalence of ECC was 53.5%, 63.1% and 68.1% in the children who applied fluorine vanish, fluorine vanish and fluorinated foam, no fluoride, respectively. The mean dmft was (2.45±3.42)(2.83±3.04) and (3.32±3.47), respectively, with statistically significant differences(χ2/F=6.77, 7.08, P<0.05). According to binary Logistic regression equation analysis, the application of fluorine vanish was negatively associated with the prevealence of ECC(OR<1.00). High frequency of dessert intake, low degree of oral hygiene and late start of brushing teeth was positively associated with deciduous teeth caries(OR>1.00). Negative binomial regression analysis of dmft was independent of local fluoride intervention(P>0.05). Conclusion The effect of preschool-based fluoride intervention to prevent ECC was limited. It is necessary to improve the effect of intervention for children, carry out targeted health education，encourage parents to intervene eating and brushing behavior of children as early as possible.

Oral medicine and deep brain stimulation are two main treatments for Parkinson′s disease (PD). But their long-term efficacies are decreasing, which limit the choice of patients in advanced stage. As a special way of sensory intervention, rhythmic cueing can improve gait parameters, reduce freezing of gait severity and improve gait-related mobility by activating the motor pathway directly, repairing internal clock, promoting internal dopamine release and improving cognitive function to maintain gait stability. Rhythmic auditory and visual cueing has a potential in PD treatment.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory diseases with unknown etiology. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms may occur in IBD in remission, which has a negative impact on the quality of life and prognosis of the disease. This article reviewed the progress of research on epidemiology, pathological mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of IBD in remission overlapping IBS-like symptoms both at home and abroad, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD in remission and the management of chronic disease.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy between stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and surgical treatment for stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods Clinical data of 120 patients with early-stage NSCLC who underwent SBRT or surgical treatment in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from 2012 to 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Propensity score matching was carried out between two groups.Sixty eligible patients were enrolled in each group.In the SBRT group,the 80％ isodose line covered 95％ of the planning target volume,and the 100％ isodose line covered 100％ of the internal gross tumor volume.The fractional dose was 5-15 Gy and the median biologically equivalent dose was 100 Gy (range:57.6-150.0 Gy).In the operation group,32 patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and 9 patients underwent wedge resection or segmentectomy.Results All patients successfully completed corresponding treatment and were followed up.The median follow-up was 32.3 months (range:8.6-68.4 months).In the operation group,3 patients died from infection within postoperative 90 d,whereas no case died in the SBRT group (P=0.079).In the SBRT group,3 patients died of other factors besides tumor (cerebral infarction,heart disease,etc.) during follow-up.Local-regional recurrence occurred in 12 patients including 5 cases in the operation group and 7 in the SBRT group (P=0.543).In the operation group,11 patients experienced distant metastases with a median disease-free survival (DFS) of 33.5 months.In the SBRT group,6 patients had distant metastases and the median DFS was 38.4 months (P=0.835,P=0.178).In the SBRT group,the 1-and 3-year overall survival rates were 93％ and 83％,and 95％ and 83％ in the operation group (P=0.993).Conclusions The 1-and 3-year overall survival rates and local control rate do not significantly differ between SBRT and operation for patients with early-stage NSCLC.

Clinical scales and external devices are two important ways to quantify the severity of motor symptoms for Parkinson′s disease (PD). As one representative of scales, the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale is considered the "gold standard" in the comprehensive assessment of PD. External devices are divided into electrophysiological and mechanical devices based on the type of sensors. Both sides can monitor the PD motor symptoms objectively. Currently, numerous and ununified parameters of devices make the clinical quantification of PD symptoms still rely on scales. This article reviewed the progress on quantitative assessments of motor symptoms for Parkinson′s disease.

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome caused by many reasons, mainly manifested as bradykinesia, stiffness, static tremor and postural instability. Common disease development patterns include occult onset, gradual development, and little natural remission. However, clinically there are some Parkinsonism that will improve, naturally alleviate or "cure", called reversible parkinsonism (RP). By searching the relevant literature, RP was classified into 12 different types: drugs induced, poisoning induced, infection induced, intracranial vascular induced, structural encephalopathy related, changes in intracranial pressure related, imbalance of internal environment induced, visceral diseases related, alcohol withdrawal related, surgery related, immunization and radiotherapy induced RP. This article aims to provide clinicians with more ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, so as to promote clinicians to make reasonable identification and diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism as soon as possible.

Objective:To explore the promoted role of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) overexpression in proliferation and differentiation of immature white matter progenitor cells after ischemia in vitro. Methods:Periventricular white matter cells from 5-d-old rats were cultured in vitro and divided into control group, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) group, OGD+gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3) group, and OGD+ CaSR silenced group. CaSR expression was agitated by GdCl 3, and CaSR gene expression was inhibited by gene silencing. CaSR mRNA levels 24, 48 and 72 h, and 7 and 14 d after OGD were detected by real-time fluorescence quantification-PCR (RT-qPCR); cell proliferation 48 h after OGD was detected by inverted microscope, and cell differentiation 24, 48, and 72 h, and 7 and 14 d was detected by double immunofluorescence staining. Results:(1) CaSR mRNA expressions: CaSR mRNA expressions in OGD group 48 and 72 h and 7 d after OGD were statistically higher than those in control group ( P<0.05). Forty-eight and 72 h, and 7 and 14 d after OGD, CaSR mRNA expressions in OGD+GDCL 3 group were statistically higher than those in control group and OGD group ( P<0.05); the CaSR mRNA expressions in the OGD+CaSR silenced group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). (2) Cell proliferation and differentiation: 48 h after OGD, the cell sphere diameter of OGD group ([75.26±26.07] μm) was significantly increased as compared with that of control group ([57.96±18.92] μm, P<0.05); the cell sphere diameter of OGD+GdCl 3 group ([91.92±21.82] μm) was significantly increased as compared with that of control group and OGD group ( P<0.05); and the cell sphere diameter of OGD+ CaSR silenced group ([24.09±8.34] μm) was significantly shorter than that of control group and OGD group ( P<0.05). At 48 and 72 h after OGD, the number of O4 +/CaSR + olidoendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in OGD group was significantly larger than that in control group, that in OGD+GdCl 3 group was significantly larger than that in control group and OGD group, and that in OGD+ CaSR silenced group was significantly smaller than that in control group and OGD group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CaSR overexpression could promote the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells to OPCs.

Objective To analyze the exposed dose of hippocampus(HC)of T3,T4nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT). Methods The bilateral HCs were delineated and were divided into head(HH),body(HB)and tail(HT)for 62 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with IMRT.The dose parameters of HC were then analyzed. Results The mean dose of left and right HC was(1 127±704)cGy,(1 173±762)cGy. The mean dose of left HH,HB and HT was(1 732±1029)cGy,(820±632)cGy,(423±366)cGy(P=0.000);while the mean dose of right HH, HB and HT was(1 985±1101)cGy,(837±531)cGy,(432±343)cGy(P=0.000).The exposed dose and the volume exposed in different dose of HH were obviously higher than those of HB and HT.The dose parameters of HH,HB and HT decreased in turn. The involvement of sphenoid sinus,ethmoid sinus and cavernous sinus correlated with high exposed dose of HC. Conclusions The exposed dose of HH,HB and HT was different in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with IMRT.The exposed dose of HH was the highest,which should be emphasized especially. The involvement of sphenoid sinus,ethmoid sinus and cavernous sinus suggest high exposed dose of HC.