BACKGROUND: Hippocampal neuron presents remarkably injury in cerebral after seizure of epilepsy. Necrosis and apoptosis are two kinds of neural cell injury after epilepsy and play an important role in neural injury of epilepsy. Being endogenous neural protective transmitter, adenosine may inhibit the release of excitatory amino acid, production of oxygenic free radical and action of nitric oxide. Simultaneously, it can improve cerebral blood flow and anti-convulsion. But it has been unknown concerning to the relationship between adenosine and cell apoptosis after epilepsy yet.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of 2-CAdo adenosine-receptor excitant on genetic expression of bcl-2, Bax of hippocampal cells in epileptic rats and further probe into the mechanism of adenosine on anti-convulsion and brain protection.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled experimental research in which the experimental animals were taken as the objects.SETTING: Pediatrics department and general surgical department of one oil field general hospital, and pediatric internal department of a hospital affiliated to one university.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Experimental Zoology Departnent and Pathological Teaching & Research Department of Harbin Medical University from October 2002 to March 2003. Totally 104 Wistar rats of either sex were employed, weighing varied from 200 g to 250 g. The animals were randomly divided, named as normal group 8 rats, epileptic group 32 rats, epileptic & 2-CAdo group 32 rats, and epileptic & physiological saline group 32 rats.INTERVENTIONS: The animal epileptic model was set up by intra-abdominal injection of coriamyrtin 15 mg/kg(provided by Pathology Department of Harbin Medical University. Convulsion presented in all of rats, 5 minutes later after injection, lasting for 1 or 2 minutes. In epileptic & 2-CAdo group, 2-CAdo(provided by ICN company), 0.6 mg/kg, was injected from the vein on the tail 1 hour before coriamyrtin injection and 1 hour after convulsion respectively. In epileptic & physiological saline group, the physiological saline of equal dosage was injected from the vein on the tail 1 hour before coriamyrtin injection and 1 hour after convulsion respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive cell counts of bcl-2 and Bax genetic expression in hippocampal CA1 area.RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after epilepsy seizure, neural cell bcl-2 expression was increased in hippocampal CA1 area, was remarkably decreased in 48 hours, and the expression was only little amount in 72 hours, but it was increased again in 7 days. Bax expression began increased in 24 hours after epilepsy seizure, was significantly increased in 48 hours, reached the peak in 72 hours, the expression was the minimum in 7 days. In epileptic & 2-CAdo group, bcl-2 expressions at corresponding times were remarkably increased compared with epileptic group and epileptic & physiological saline group( P＜ 0.05), Bax expressions were remarkably decreased compared with epileptic group and epileptic & physiological saline group( P ＜ 0.05), indicating statistical significance.CONCLUSION: 2-CAdo can reduce apoptosis of hippoeampal neural cells after epilepsy seizure and provide a certain protection for neural cells.

Objective To study the drug dosage and time dependency characteristics of high-fructose-high-fat-feeding plus dexamethason for inducing the mouse acute fatty liver model and to optimize the condition of drug induced fatty liver model.Methods Male KM mice were divided into the normal control group and high-fructose-high-fat-feeding plus peritoneal injection of dexamethason group.The mice were killed at 3 different time points.The mouse body mass and liver mass were detected.The liver index was calculated.The serum and liver tissue homogenate TG and serum glucose(GLU) levels were detected.The liver tissue pathological change was observed by HE staining.Total RNA reverse expression related gene was extracted from the liver tissue.The total protein was extracted from the liver tissue and the related protein expression was detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the control group,blood and liver homogenate TG after 7 d in the dexamethason model group was increased,the liver index was increased,the pathological section displayed that the fatty liver was formed.RT-PCR showed that lipid metabolism related gene expression had obvious change.Western Blot showed that SIRT1 was significantly decreased.But with the dexamethason dosage decrease and time extending,the fatty liver related indexes were decreased,lipid metabolic gene PPAR,FOXO3 and FXR were gradually increased,while LXR was gradually decreased and protein SIRT1 was gradually increased.Conclusion High-fructose-high-fatfeeding plus peritoneal injection of dexamethason could establish the mouse acute fatty liver model,moreover the model maintenance has dependency on dexamethason dosage and medication time,which has a guidance significance for the drug interventional experiment.

Objective:To verify the determination method of iodine in serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and to evaluate the consistency between ICP-MS and As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry in determination of serum iodine. Methods:Serum iodine concentration was determined by ICP-MS, 187Re was used as an internal standard, and ralated parameters were optimized. Eighty-eight serum samples were simultaneously determined by ICP-MS and As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry, and the evaluation indexes included determination range of standard curve, detection limit, precision, accuracy. In addition, we also evaluated the consistency of the two methods through inter-group correlation analysis, intra-group correlation coefficient analysis, Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results:The linear range of ICP-MS standard curve was 0 - 300 μg/L. There was a good linear correlation between iodine concentration value and iodine response value, and the correlation coefficient range was 0.999 8 to 0.999 9. The detection limit of the ICP-MS method was 1.96 μg/L. The relative standard deviation ( RSD) ranged from 0.2% to 1.4% and from 0.4% to 1.8% for intra and inter-batch precision tests of serum samples. The recovery rate ranged from 90.44% to 108.71%. The correlation analysis of 88 serum samples showed that there was a good correlation between the two methods ( r = 0.934, P < 0.05), and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.932. The results of Passing-Bablok regression showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods ( P > 0.05). Bland-Altman diagram suggested that the results of the two methods were consistent. Conclusions:ICP-MS method has low detection limit, high precision and accuracy. ICP-MS method is simple, rapid, easy and suitable for determination of iodine in large quantities of serum samples. The results of the two methods for determining serum iodine are consistent.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for repairing damaged heart tissue are a new kind of important treatment options because of their potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. We in this experiment investigated the effect of different electrical stimulation time on the expression of myocardial specificity gene and protein in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. The rBMSCs of second or third generation were randomly divided into three groups, i.e, electrical stimulation (ES) group, 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) group and the control group. The rBMSCs in the ES groups with complete medium were exposed to 2 V, 2 Hz, 5 ms electrical stimulation for 0. 5 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h respectively every day for 10 days. Those in the 5-Aza group were induced by 5-Aza (10 μmol/L) for 24 h, and then cultured with complete medium for 10 days. Those in the control group were only cultured with complete medium, without any treatment, for 10 days. The rBMSCs' morphological feature in each group was observed with inverted phase microscope. The mRNA expression of myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF-2C) and connexin 43 (Cx43) were examined with Real-Time quantitative PCR and the protein expression of MEF-2C, Cx43 were detected with Western Blot method. The results showed that the mRNA expression level of the MEF-2C, Cx43 and the protein expression level of MEF-2C, Cx43 were significantly higher in the ES group and 5-Aza group than those in the relative control group (P < 0.05). It suggests that electrical stimulation could play a part of role in the induction of the rBMSCs to differentiate into the cariomyocyte-like cells in vitro and the effectiveness of the electrical stimulation with 2 h/d had the best in our experiment. But the mechanism how electrical stimulation promotes the differentiation of rBMSC into cardiomyocyte is still unclear.
Animals ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Connexin 43 ; metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; cytology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The in vitro release is an important index to evaluate the quality of liposome formulation.Currently, there is no evaluation method for the in vitro release of liposome in pharmacopoeia of various countries, which leads to the lack of unified standard and safety guarantee for the quality evaluation of liposome formulation.Taking the self-made paclitaxel derivative liposomes as an example, the paddle membrane binding method established by optimizing external release conditions was used to simulate the complete release of paclitaxel derivative drugs in 12 hours under physiological conditions.The results showed that using 0.5% SDS-HEPES as the release medium and a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 000 kD to release the liposome solution met the requirements and had discrimination ability, providing a reference for the development of drug-loaded liposomes release methods in vitro.

Objective: To discuss the correlation between growth status and eating behaviors in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), providing reference data for management and dietary behavior guidance among ADHD children. Methods: A total of 703 children aged 4-13 years old were collected from the ADHD patients from Children s Health Department of Children s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June to September, 2019. The demographic characteristics and information regarding children’s eating behaviors were collected by self-designed questionnaire and Chinese version of the parent-completed Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire(CEBQ). The correlation physical growth with dietary behaviors among the ADHD children were analyzed. Results: Food avoidant behaviors, including satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating and emotional undereating in ADHD children with thinness scored significantly higher than that of children with short stature, overweight and obesity(F=17.57, 29.32, 4.07, P<0.01), while food approach behaviors, including food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, desire to drink and emotional overeating scored higher in obese children, compared to other three groups(F=24.54, 47.44, 2.96,5.85, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for the confounders, satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating were still negatively associated with BMI-Z score of the ADHD children(B=-0.05, -0.07, P<0.01). Food responsiveness, enjoyment of food and emotional overeating had a positive association with the BMI-Z score(B=0.04, 0.09, 0.05, P<0.05). Conclusion Emotional eating and high food responsiveness in ADHD children are associated with the overweight and obesity, while long eating time and high satiety responsiveness is associated with underweight among ADHD children. For clinical doctors and parents, problematic eating behaviors among ADHD children should be concerned regarding its negative effects on growth and development, besides core symptoms of ADHD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a common complex disease characterized by progressive and incomplete reversible airflow limitation.COPD is one of the leading causes on morbidity and mortality in China.Genetic risk factors play important roles on the occurrence of COPD.However,the genetic risk factors of COPD remain unknown,to some extent.The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview on literature concerning the most promising findings related to genetic risk factors of COPD.

Objective: To explore the gender-specific risk factors of new-onset cerebral hemorrhage. Methods: In this prospective cohort study,a total of 98 961 participants((51.1±12.6)years old), who underwent the 2006 to 2007 physical examination and met the inclusion criteria, were enrolled from the Kailuanstudy cohort. There were 78 908 (79.7%) male,and 20 053 (20.3%) female.The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was observed once per year until December 31, 2016.The difference on the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage between male and female was compared. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to analyze therisk factors of cerebral hemorrhage events among different genders. Results: The participants were followed up for(10.00±0.73) years,and 860 cerebral hemorrhage events were recorded during follow up. The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage in the population was 86.90/10 million person years (standardized incidence rate of 47.85/10 million person years). The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was significantly higher in male (49.61/10 million person years) than in female (34.07/10 million person years, P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that 45-59 years old, ≥ 60 years old, diabetes,and waist-hip ratio were more strongly related to new-onset of cerebral hemorrhage events in female than in male, and the hazard ratios(95%CI) were 2.33 (1.23-4.43) ,2.71 (1.30-5.66) ,2.16 (1.24-3.74) and 8.79 (1.42-54.32) in female versus 1.55 (1.21-1.97) ,2.16 (1.68-2.78) ,1.19 (0.93-1.53) and 3.21 (1.09-9.41) in male, respectively. The risk of male cerebral hemorrhage increased by 29% (HR=1.29, 95%CI 1.19-1.40) in male and 24% (HR=1.24, 95%CI 1.20-1.28) in female,when the systolic blood pressure increased 10 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Conclusions: The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage is higher in male than in female in this cohort.The association between systolic blood pressure and cerebral hemorrhage is stronger in male than that in female.The associations between age, waist-hip ratio, diabetes and cerebral hemorrhage are stronger in female than in male. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trail Registry, ChiCTR-TNC-11001489.

Objective:To study the clinical characteristics of growth development and metabolic disorders in obese children and adolescents with insulin resistance (IR).Methods:Normal weight or obese children and adolescents who hospitalized at the Department of Children′s Health Care of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from September 2015 to April 2018 were recruited.Children′s height, body weight and waist circumference were measured, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated.Puberty process was determined by Tanner stage.Blood glucose, blood lipid and insulin were measured in fasting state, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated based on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels.IR was considered when HOMA-IR was over 2.69.Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound.Results:(1) A total of 691 subjects were included, including 183 cases with the age of (9.73±2.38) years in the normal weight group/normal group, and 508 cases with the age of (10.24±2.05) years old in the obese group.The rate of IR was higher in obese group than that in normal group (55.71% vs. 10.38%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). (2)HOMA-IR was positively correlated with age ( r=0.256, P<0.001), BMI ( r=0.426, P<0.001), waist circumference ( r=0.454, P<0.001), and WHtR ( r=0.321, P<0.001). After the adjustment for age, sex, and puberty stage, HOMA-IR was also positively correlated with BMI ( r=0.418, P<0.001), waist circumference ( r=0.419, P<0.001) and WHtR ( r=0.375, P<0.001). (3) During puberty, HOMA-IR in both of obese group and normal group was increased, and HOMA-IR in obese group was more particularly serious compared to normal group[TannerⅠ: 2.60(1.49, 3.94) vs.1.28(0.80, 1.90); Tanner Ⅱ: 3.07(1.75, 5.17) vs.1.80(1.16, 2.96); Tanner Ⅲ: 4.33(2.80, 6.57) vs.2.47(1.41, 3.68); Tanner Ⅳ-Ⅴ: 3.49(1.04, 5.78) vs.1.91(0.54, 2.60)], and the differences were all statistically significant(all P<0.05). (4)Compared with the obese objects without IR, obese children and adolescents with IR had higher systolic blood pressure[112(104, 124) mmHg vs.109(98, 121) mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa], triglyceride level [1.27(0.95, 1.81) mmol/L vs.1.09(0.79, 1.61) mmol/L], fas-ting blood glucose level [4.80(4.46, 5.01) mmol/L vs.4.48(4.16, 4.76) mmol/L] and fasting insulin level [21.27(16.21, 28.56) mmol/L vs.7.62(4.43, 10.83) mmol/L], and the differences were all statistically significant(all P<0.05). IR was a risk factor for NAFLD in obese children( OR=1.536, 95% CI: 1.049-2.247, P<0.05). Conclusions:Serious and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents is a major risk factor for the development of IR.HOMA-IR of obese children and adolescents is particularly serious during puberty.The obese children with IR are more likely to have metabolic disorders in blood glucose, serum lipid and blood pressure, and have the risk of NAFLD development.

Objective: Heavy metal and harmful element contamination are frequently reported in Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), and roots and rhizomes parts showed a higher content than other parts. To investigate the residue level and assess the potential human health risk of heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes, 720 batches of the sample representing 20 species of herbs from different sources were collected. Methods: The content of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in the digests was determined using ICP-MS. The chronic hazard index estimate based on non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) was applied for potential health risk assessment of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu via consumption of CHMs. Results: Compared with the Chinese limit standard (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2020 edition) of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, the exceedance percentage of Pb in total samples was 14.1%, which were generally far higher than Cd, As, Hg, and Cu. Health risk assessment results based on hazard quotient calculating showed that total HQ of Cu, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg in Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma exceeded 1, with the value of 1.543 and 1.235. Besides, Arsenic had the highest HQ value (0.957) in Pulsatillae Radix. Conclusion: Consuming raw materials of Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma may pose a potential risk and Arsenic residues in Pulsatillae Radix deserved special attention.