Objective:To compare acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and their influencing factors among college students in different years in Beijing, and to provide evidence for targeted health education among college students in future.Methods: College students were selected by the stratified cluster sampling method, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in year 2006 and 2016 in Beijing.The sample sizes were 1 800 and 3 001 college students, respectively.The contents of the questionnaire included: socio-demographic characteristics, AIDS related knowledge, AIDS related attitude, sex intercourse and its related risk behaviors, condom use intension, and AIDS related health education.Results: Compared with the year 2006, the average AIDS knowledge scores of college students in year 2016 dropped from 12.78±1.95 to 11.90±2.56 (t=12.91, P<0.05), and the correct answer rates of questions in the knowledge part were decreased, too.Except for belief on condom use, the college students were more negative on AIDS related attitude and self-efficacy in year 2016 than in year 2006.Among the students who had sex experience, the rates of commercial sex [17.65% (33/187) vs.6.53% (16/245), χ2=13.003, P<0.001] and the rates of homo-sexual intercourse [15.43% (29/188) vs.4.13% (10/242), χ2=16.356, P<0.001] were higher in year 2016 than in year 2006.The main way for the students seeking pornographic information was changed from books to internet (41.15%) in 2016 compared with the year 2016.In 2016, the influencing factors of intention on condom use were male (OR=0.713), self-efficacy of condom purchase (OR=0.876), never received sex education before college (OR=0.752), self-efficacy of condom use (OR=1.135), belief of condom use (OR=1.775), and attitude towards AIDS patients (OR=1.136).Conclusion: AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among college students have been changed, AIDS related health education should be designed and improved based on new characteristics of college students.AIDS health education in colleges should pay more attention to sex attitude and sex responsibility and self-protection awareness among college students as well.

Objective : To learn the awareness of chronic diseases prevention and control and its influencing factors among high school students in regions inhabited by ethnic groups,so as to strengthen the prevention of chronic diseases among adolescents in these regions. Methods: Totally 1 050 high school students in Tuquan County,Hinggan League,Inner Mongolia were selected by cluster sampling method. The general information,family factors,attitude to learning,psychological factors,behavioral styles and awareness of chronic diseases prevention and control were investigated,and the influencing factors for the awareness were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model. Results: There were 1 001 valid questionnaires recovered,with a response rate of 95.33%. There were 685 Han students,accounting for 68.43%,241 Mongol students,accounting for 24.08%,and 75 students with other ethnic minorities,accounting for 7.49%. The average awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control was 53.25%;the awareness rates of hypertension prevention measures,smoking and drinking hazards,food susceptible to aflatoxin pollution and high cholesterol food were high,all more than 70%;while the awareness rates of long-term high lipid hazards,high blood pressure diagnosis standard and diabetes symptoms was low,all less than 40%. There was no significant difference in the awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control among different nationalities（P>0.05）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the students who were female（OR=1.309,95%CI：1.008-1.700）,had high achievement（OR=1.509,95%CI：1.055-2.159）,and thought exams were important（OR=1.570,95%CI：1.204-2.046）were more likely to have high awareness,while the students who spent five to less than eight hours a day on screens（OR=0.514,95%CI：0.335-0.789）were less likely to have high awareness. Conclusions The awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control of high school students in Tuquan County is 53.25%,and there is no significant difference between Mongol and Han students. Gender,academic performance,attitude to examination and time spent on screens can affect the awareness rate.

In this study, in order to overcome the shortcomings of the current methods used to identify Bifidobacterium animalis, such as long time, complicated operation and low adaptability of experimental environment, specific primer probes were designed based on ERIC-PCR technology to identify and detect B.animalis.Based on the genomic DNA of B.animalis HP-B1124, the ERIC-PCR reaction conditions of B.animalis HP-B1124 were optimized, and the ERIC-PCR fragments were obtained one by one and sequenced.Two pairs of specific primer probes were designed.The accuracy, specificity, limitation and universality of the two pairs of primer probes were evaluated, and the two pairs of specific primer probes were used for testing the products containing B.animalis in the commercially published formula.The two pairs of specific primer probes designed in this study could be used for identified strains of B.animalis more simply, quickly and targeted.This method has optimized the current relatively traditional methods of pure culture and plate counting identification of B.animalis, and has solved the high requirements of SNP genotyping technology and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method for experimental equipment and reagents in the identification of B.animalis to a certain extent.It has the characteristics of low cost, high specificity and earn a broad market development prospect.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro inhibitory mechanism of berberine on the proliferation of tumor stem cells and evaluate its in vivo safety. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to select tumor stem cells from mouse skin melanoma B16F10 cells； CD44， CD133， Nanog homologous box protein （NANOG） and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 （OCT4） were used as indicators to characterize tumor stem cells. Tumor stem cells were divided into control group， all-trans retinoic acid （ATRA） group， and berberine group， and the CCK-8 method was used to detect the effects of berberine on the viability of tumor stem cells； flow cytometry was adopted to detect cell apoptotic rate， the proportion of CD44+/CD133+ and the positive cell rate of sex determining region Y box protein 2 （SOX2）； the morphological changes of tumor balls were recorded after treatment with berberine； the morphology of cell pyroptosis in each group was recorded， and the release rate of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） was detected； Western blot assay was adopted to detect the expressions of pyroptosis-related protein gasdermin E （GSDME）， GSDME- N， caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. Preliminary evaluation of in vivo safety of berberine was conducted by using zebrafish embryo toxicity experiments. RESULTS Compared with B16F10 cells， the proportion of CD44+/CD133+ cells in tumor stem cells and the fluorescence intensity of NANOG and OCT4 were significantly increased （P＜0.000 1）. The half-inhibitory concentration of berberine to tumor stem cells was 50.98 μmol/L. Compared with the control group， the apoptotic rate of cells in the berberine group was significantly increased， while the proportion of CD44+/CD133+ cells and the rate of SOX2 positive cells were reduced significantly （P＜0.000 1）； tumor stem cell spheroids were atrophied， with partial cell death. After treatment with berberine， tumor stem cells exhibited swelling in their outermost layer， the release rate of LDH of cells was significantly increased and the release rate of LDH increased with increasing dose； the protein expressions of GSDME-N and cleaved-caspase-3 of cells in berberine 20， 40 μmol/L groups were significantly increased， and the protein expressions of GSDME and caspase-3 were significantly reduced （except for berberine 20 μmol/L group， P＜0.05）. The embryonic development of zebrafish treated with berberine was almost unaffected， and the survival rate of embryo reached 100%， with no obvious abnormalities observed. CONCLUSIONS Berberine has good activity against the proliferation of tumor stem cells， and its mechanism of action may be related to activating GSDME and promoting cell pyroptosis； berberine has good in vivo safety.

RNAs are involved in the crucial processes of disease progression and have emerged as powerful therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, efficient delivery of therapeutic RNA to the targeted location and precise detection of RNA markers remains challenging. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to applying nucleic acid nanoassemblies in diagnosing and treating. Due to the flexibility and deformability of nucleic acids, the nanoassemblies could be fabricated with different shapes and structures. With hybridization, nucleic acid nanoassemblies, including DNA and RNA nanostructures, can be applied to enhance RNA therapeutics and diagnosis. This review briefly introduces the construction and properties of different nucleic acid nanoassemblies and their applications for RNA therapy and diagnosis and makes further prospects for their development.

Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies have taken center stage in immunotherapies for cancer, with multiple clinical successes. PD-1 signaling plays pivotal roles in tumor-driven T-cell dysfunction. In contrast to prior approaches to generate or boost tumor-specific T-cell responses, antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade targets tumor-induced T-cell defects and restores pre-existing T-cell function to modulate antitumor immunity. In this review, the fundamental knowledge on the expression regulations and inhibitory functions of PD-1 and the present understanding of antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies are briefly summarized. We then focus on the recent breakthrough work concerning the structural basis of the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction and how therapeutic antibodies, pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 and avelumab targeting PD-L1, compete with the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 to interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. We believe that this structural information will benefit the design and improvement of therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 signaling.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; B7-H1 Antigen ; antagonists & inhibitors ; immunology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; antagonists & inhibitors ; immunology ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology