Objective To investigate the relationship between corneal basal nerve change and type 2 diabetic retinopathy based on confocal laser microscopy.Methods Together 118 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were collected in our hospital from February 2016 to February 2017,including 57 patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR group) and 61 patients without DR (NDR group).For comparison,60 healthy volunteers were selected as the control group.And all the subjects were examined by corneal confocal laser microscopy to analyze the relationship between the morphological parameters of the corneal nerve and clinical variables.Results Corneal nerve fiber density,corneal nerve branch density and corneal nerve branch length in DR group were (20.03 ±4.22) · mm-2,(22.01 ± 7.05) · mm-2 and (9.50 ± 1.76) mm ·mm-2,significantly less than those of the control group and NDR group (all P ＜ 0.05);and corneal nerve fiber curvature was (0.30 ± 0.03),significantly higher than that of the control group and NDR group (all P ＜ 0.05);In DR patients,phase Ⅲ patients had smaller the corneal nerve fiber density,corneal nerve branch density and corneal nerve branch length,but the larger corneal nerve fiber curvature than the phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients (all P ＜ 0.05);course of disease of DR group was (12.04 ± 2.48) years,which was significantly higher than that of NDR group (P ＜ 0.05),while fasting C peptide and fasting insulin were (1.41 ± 0.58) μg · L-1 and (20.05 ± 7.91) mU · L-1,respectively,significantly lower than those of NDR group (all P ＜ 0.05);The duration of T2D was negatively correlated with the corneal nerve branch density and corneal nerve branch length (r =-0.322,-0.317,all P ＜0.05);Fasting C peptide was positively correlated with the corneal nerve branch density (r =0.298,P ＜ 0.05),and negatively correlated with the corneal nerve curvature (r =-0.311,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Patients with T2D retinopathy have abnormal morphology of corneal nerve.And confocal laser scanning microscopy is conducive to the early detection of microvascular disease in T2D patients with a longer course of disease or a low level of fasting C peptide.

Objective To investigate the effects of estrogen on mismatch repiar gene expression in colonic mucosa in vivo. Methods A total of 42 healthy individuals underwent colonoscopy were enrolled in the study. Half an hour before colonoscopy examination, blood sample was taken for determining the serum estradiol (E2) level. N ormal colonic mucosal tissues determined by naked eye under colonoscopy examination were taken in the right hemi colon to detect HMLH1 and hMSH2 gene expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining. Then the correlation of serum E2 levels with hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in colonic mucosa was analyzed. Results A bimodal curve was presented for the correlation between serum E2 level in healthy individuals and hMLH1 expression in colonic mucosa. A strong positive correlation of E2 level with hMLH1 expression in normal colonic mucosa was observed when serum E2 level was more than 45 pg/ml (For mRNA, P=0. 003, r=0. 701; for immunohistochemistry positivity index, P=0. 000, r=0. 874).However there was no correlation between E2 level and hMSH2 expression. Conclusion High serum E2 level might increase the hMLH1 gene expression in colonic mucosa in vivo.

To investigate the role of Toll like receptor (TLR) in the activation of dendritic cells (DC) during early Plasmodium yoelii infection of the lethal strain 17XL (P.y 17XL), susceptible BALB/c and resistant DBA/2 mice were infected by i.p.injection of the P.y l7XL-parasitized erythrocytes, and the parasitemia of individua1 mice was monitored by the microscopic examination of blood smear stained with Giemsa.Mice from norma1 and infected groups were sacrificed on 0,3 and 5 days post-infection to collect their spleen cells.And the expressions of TLR-9 and TLR-4 on the cell surface of DCs in spenonocytes of these two strains of mice were assayed by applying flow cytometry to quantitatively analyze the percentages of CD11c+TLR9+ DCs and CD11c+TLR4+ DCs. It was found that the population of CD11c+DCs expressing TLR9 was significantly increased on day 3 and peaked on 5 p.i. in BALB/c (P<0.01) and DBA/2 mice(P<0.01). However, there was no statistical significance between these two strains of mice. Meanwhile, there was no change on the population of CD11c+ DCs expressing TLR4 in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. These results indicate that TLR9 may contribute to the DC activation during early stages of P.y17XL infection.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hearing loss after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods A total of 60 healthy male adult SD rats were included in this study and randomly divided into 2 groups, ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) group and sham operated control, with 30 rats in each group.The rats in I/R group were operated for suture-occluded method to establish middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)model, with ischemia for 60 mins followed by reperfusion for 24 hrs.The control group was only to be isolated cervical vessels, with no thread embolism inserted.The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was tested before operation and at 24 hrs post-operation respectively.At 24 hrs post-operation, we scored neurological functions, measured the changes of water content in the brain using the dry-wet weight method, and determined the infarct volume through TTC method.We also evaluated the integrity of blood-brain barrier(BBB) by viewing the exudation of Evans blue and observed the apoptosis of neurocyte by TUNEL method to conclude apoptotic index(AI).The expression of MMP-9,Claudin-5,Occludin and CX-43 were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the sham group,the neurological function scores,the infarct volume and water content of the brain increased, with the elevated thresholds of ABR significantly and AI went up in I/R group.The expression levels of MMP-9 and CX-43 were significantly up-regulated,but the expressions of Claudin-5 and Occludin were obviously down-regulated.All of the differences above had statistical significances.Conclusion The mechanism of hearing loss after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats is possibly related to MMPs activation,neurocyte apoptosis,BBB breakage and gap junction damage.

Objective To study correlation between systemic sclerosis(SSc)and plasma D-dimer and to reveal the probably rules of the fibrinolytic systems in SSc.Methods In 2013 January to 2014 January,cellected 32 patients with SSc and 35 with healthy controls to detected level of plasma D-dimer.Logistic and t student test were used for statistical analysis for correlation between SSc and pulmonary artery hypertension.Results When compared to healthy controls (0.28±0.04μg/ml),the level of plasma D-dimer were significantly increased in SSc patient (0.31±0.05μg/ml,t=1.997,P=0.008).After stratifying SSc patients according to disease subset,whereas patients with diffuse subset displayed substantially increased values (0.41±0.06μg/ml,t=2.051,P<0.001).The level of plasma D-dimer was associated with pulmonary artery hyper-tension (OR=4.38,95%CI=2.59~8.91,P=0.008).Conclusion Demonstrated that SSc patients with diffuse subset are characterized by increased plasma D-dimer values,reflecting a potential activation of fibrinolytic cascaded,which might finally predispose these patients to thrombotic complications and pulmonary artery hypertension.

Objective To study the resistance and molecular profiles of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the clinical specimens.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested with 56 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a hospital from May to November 2011.The mecA and pvl genes were detected.The spa genetic types were analyzed.Results A total of 21 (37.5%)Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to methicillin (MRSA)and 35 (62.5%)were sensitive to methicillin (MSSA).Nineteen of the 21 (90.5%)MRSA strains carried mecA gene.Compared with MSSA,MRSA were much less sen-sitive to rifampin,fluoroqunolones,tetracycline and gentamicin (P <0.05).All the MRSA isolates were susceptible to vanco-mycin,linezolid,tigecycline,quinupristin-dalfopristin and nitrofurantoin.Six spa types were identified among the MRSA strains.Type t030 was the most prevalent,accounting for 66.7% (14/21)of all the MRSA strains.MRSA-t030 and MRSA-t002 were resistant to multiple antibiotics.Eighteen spa types were identified among the MSSA strains.Type t189,t377 and t034 were the top three spa types of MSSA,accounting for 14.3%,14.3% and 11.4%,respectively.A new MSSA spa typ-ing strain new1 was isolated from pus.There were five Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive isolates,3 of which was MSSA-t189 type. Conclusions Type t030 is the most prevalent spa type among clinical MRSA strains,which is resistant to many kinds of antibiotics and widely spreads in the hospital setting.There are many different spa types a-mong the MSSA strains.Type t389,t377 and t034 are the top three spa types of MSSA.

Objective:To characterize the clinical and epidemiological changes, treatments, and prognoses of primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESC). Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted using the clinical epidemiology data of 529 PESC patients se-lected from the clinical databases of 500,000 esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinomas of the Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research (1992-2015). Among these patients, 241 cases were included in the survival analysis. The five-year survival rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the differences in survival rates were compared using the Log-rank analysis model. Re-sults:All 529 PESC cases were analyzed, which accounted for 0.2%of esophageal cancers diagnosed in the same period. The incidence of PESC increased annually (R2=0.574). The survival rates for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year of 241 PESC patients were 55%, 40%, 29%, and 9%, respectively, and the median survival time was 21.9 months. On the basis of the VALSG criteria of lung small cell carcinoma, a statisti-cal difference was observed in the overall survival rates for limited and extensive diseases (P=0.003), with the median survival time of 24.3 and 17.5 months, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences were observed on survival with various treatment modalities (P=0.004). The median survival time of PESC patients treated with combined surgery and radiochemotherapies (28.8 months) was lon-ger than those with either chemotherapy (17.8 months, P=0.015) or chemoradiotherapy (14.5 months, P=0.004). In limited disease pa-tients, the median survival time was longer in patients treated with surgery (27.7 months) than in those without surgery (16.2 months, P=0.007). Notably, the biopsy diagnosis before surgery for PESC was only 40.8%. Conclusion:PESC is a rare malignant carcinoma with increasing incidence. PESC presents poor prognosis, and the survival rate can be improved through combined therapies based on sur-gery. A high misdiagnosis rate for PESC is observed before surgery with biopsy.

The efficient and safe delivery of drugs to the therapeutic site through the biofilm has traditionally been a difficult and hot topic in the field of drug delivery. In recent years, alkyl polyglycoside (APG) have become ideal penetration enhancers for drug delivery systems because of their high permeability, good safety and biodegradability, which has attracted wide attention of domestic and foreign researchers. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties, characteristics, action mechanism and application of APG in drug delivery system are reviewed, and its application prospect in drug delivery system is prospected.

Emerging data indicated that HCV subverts the antiviral activity of interferon (IF); however,whether HCV core protein contributes to the process remains controversial. In the present study, we examined the effect of HCV core protein on interferon-induced antiviral gene expression and whether the effect is involved in the activation and negative regulation of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Our results showed that, following treatment with IFN-α, the transcription of PKR, MxA and 2'-5'OAS were down-regulated in HepG2 cells expressing the core protein. In the presence of HCV core protein,ISRE-dependent luciferase activity also decreased. Further study indicated that the core protein could inhibit the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, whereas the level of STAT1 expression was unchanged.Accordingly, SOCS3, the negative regulator of the Jak/STAT pathway, was induced by HCV core protein. These results suggests that HCV core protein may interfere with the expression of some interferon-induced antiviral genes by inhibiting STAT1 phosphorylation and induction of SOCS3.

To study the effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphology of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile. 58 female guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed on normal diet; the lithogenous groups was high cholesterol diet (HCD) and the antilithic group was high cholesterol and the chinese herbal medicine capsule (13.5 g/kg). 8 weeks later the guinea pigs were killed. Liver and gallbladder were removed for light and electroscope observation. Gallbladder bile were withdrawn and gallbladder were collected. The minute construction of gallstones were observed by scanning electron microscope and gallstone components were quantified by Fourier Transform Infrand Spectros Copy (FT-IR). The morphology of liver and gallbladder were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Conjugated bile acid of biles were determined by Thin-layer Chromatograph. The effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphololgy of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile were also observed. We measured conjugated bile acids in all groups and found that decreased in lithogenic group and increased notably in antilithic group (P＜0.01). The gallstone formation rate was 100% when the animals were fed on HCD in lithogenic group. The rate decreased to 5.3% when the animals were fed on HCD and Chinese herbal medicine capsule inantilithic group. It indicates that changes in diet is an important factor in the process of gallstone formation and the chinese herbal medicine can prevent gallstone formation effectively.