Vascular cognitive impaiment (VCI) refers to a large class of clinical syndromes caused by vascular risk factors,obvious or not obvious cerebrovascular diseases from mild cognitive impairment to dementia.Looking for a physiologically controllable and repeatable animal model is critical for the systematic research of the VCI pathophysiological processes and the evaluation of new treatment methods.

Objective: To investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on activation and proliferation of murine T lymphocytes in vitro and to elucidate the mechanism of the immunosuppressive effect of ginsenoside Rb1. Methods: Cell suspensions were prepared from murine lymph nodes. T lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 and stimulated with polyclonal activator concanavalin (ConA). Fluorescence conjugated monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of CD3/CD69 and CD4/CD25. After the staining with CFDA-SE, T lymphocytes were stimulated with polyclonal activator ConA. The proliferation of T lymphocytes, after stimulated by ConA, was detected using the method of MTT. The distribution of the cell apoptosis was analyzed by staining both DIOC and PI. Results: In a dose-dependent manner, ginsenoside Rb1 (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) could significantly inhibit T lymphocytes activation index (P<0.01) stimulated by ConA and proliferation index (P<0.05) stimulated by ConA. Ginsenoside Rb1 could also reduce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes stimulated by H2O2. Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rb1 can effectively inhibit the activation and proliferation of murine T lymphocytes, and ginsenoside Rb1 is a potential effective immunoinhibitory agent.

Objective To investigate the influence of Zengshiling oral liquid on gastric emptying,plasma motilin (MOT) and small intestine propulsion of young rat. Methods Experiment animal were divided into five groups randomly:control group,large dose of Zengshiling oral liquid group,normal dose of Zengshiling oral liquid group,small dose of Zengshiling oral liquid group and Motilium group. The rats were gavaged by 0.9% of NaCl and corresponding drug. 7 days later,gastric emptying was assayed by phenol red,plasma MOT levels and carbon powder propelling rate of small intestine were also assayed. Results The rate of gastric emptying of Zengshiling oral liquid groups were significantly higher than control group (P

[Objective]To retrospectively analyze of functional and radiographic outcome of distal calvicle fractures (Neer type II) treated with coracoclavicular screw fixation.[Method]Fifteen patients with Neer type II distal clavicle fracture were treated surgically between March 2001 and March 2004.Operative treatment included open reduction and fixation of the proximal clavicular fragment to the coracoid process using a 6.5-mm cancellous screw and repair of the coracoclavicular ligaments.Perioperative radiographs were performed to ensure that the screw was introduced properly into the coracoid.Following the operation,the arm was placed in a sling for two weeks.After two weeks,the sling was discontinued and the patient was permitted to use the arm for daily activities except for lifting,pulling,and pushing for 6 weeks.The patient is instructed not to perform any heavy lifting,pushing,pulling or participate in contact sports for 3 months.Data were collected to allow scoring according to the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder index 6 months after operation.[Result]All the patients were followed up at an average of 16 months (range:9~26 months).Fracture union occurred at a mean of 7 weeks (range:6~9 weeks)postoperatively without any serious complications such as screw-migration,pseudarthrosis,infection,neurovascular damage,or skin necrosis.All patients returned to the pre-injury level of activity with no residual pain or dysfunction.The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder index was 97 points ( range: 90-100 points) 6 months after operation.Two patients showed radiologically ossification of the acromioclavicular joint with no clinical symptoms.[Conclusion]Coracoclavicular screw fixation is a relatively simple,reliable,and safe technique of open reduction and internal fixation of the type II distal clavicle fracture.

ObjectiveTo investigate effects of pamidronate on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts of rats in vitro.MethodsOsteoblasts isolated from newborn rat calvaria were treated with various concentrations of pamidronate, the proliferation of osteoblasts was evaluated with the method of methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in medium was measured with kit of ALP detecting.ResultsThe proliferation of osteoblasts increased under the stimulation of Pamidronate range 10-6-M-10-12 M(P<0.05), but was inhibited at the concentration of high level (10-4 M). The activity of ALP decreased in the experiment.ConclusionPamidronate can act on the osteoblasts directly and increase the proliferation of bone cells, but inhibit the differentiation of the same cells.

Objective: To characterize the endogenous metabolites and metabolic changes of feces of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats by 1H-NMR, evaluate the improvement effects of Xiaoyao Powder and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The depression model was established by CUMS procedure. 1H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was employed to reveal the changes of fecal metabolic profiles of CUMS rats and identify potential bio-markers involved in CUMS-induced depression. Based on the potential bio-markers, the relevant metabolic pathways were constructed. Results: A total of 10 metabolites was identified as potential bio-markers in fecal samples for the CUMS model. Compared with the control group, the contents of asparagine, aspartate, lactate and propionic acid in the CUMS rats were significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01), while phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, glutamine, alanine and proline were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, 0.01). The administration of Xiaoyao Powder could significantly increase the levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, glutamine and proline, whereas reduced the levels of asparagine, lactate and propionic acid. Compared with the control group, six metabolic pathways were recognized as the most influenced pathways associated with the CUMS-induced depression: (1) aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, (2) alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, (3) arginine and proline metabolism, (4) glutamine and glutamate metabolism, (5) phenylalanine metabolism and (6) pyruvate metabolism. Among them, Xiaoyao Powder significantly mediated abnormalities of five pathways of (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6). Conclusion: It is the first report to investigate the antidepressant-like effects and underlying mechanisms of Xiaoyao Powder from the perspective of fecal metabolites. The current results showed that the anti-depression mechanisms of Xiaoyao Powder might be related to regulating the amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism and intestinal microbial metabolism. This study provides a solid basis for revealing the anti-depression mechanisms of Xiaoyao Powder comprehensively and deeply.

Objective To study the differential proteome of kidney between lupus nephritis mouse and normal mouse.Methods The proteins of kidney were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE).The gels stained by silver were scanned by ImageScanner and analyzed by PDQuest software.Results About 573?52 and 658?43 protein spots were found in the three maps of control group and LN group respectively;the match ratio was 83% and 87% respectively.One hundred and fourteen spots were found increased that showed a two fold increase as comparing to control group.Conclusion A significant difference in protein expression of LN mouse kidney was found and may be related to the pathogenesis of LN.

The main pollution of coastal sea is heavy metal and eutrophication,which resulted in degeneration of its eco-function.Pollution of heavy metal is accompanied with eutrophication in sea water.This article studied on copper absorption capacity of several bacteria strains which were isolated from the surface of macroalga Gracilaria lemaneaformis that was cultivated in copper polluted sea.We got 6 strains of epiphytic bacteria from the seaweed,Ochrobactrum anthropi,Aeromonas salmonicida,Micrococcus lylae,Corynebacterium ulcerans,Pseudoalteromonas spp,Vibrio fluvialis.Attained from the experiment of copper biosorption,A.salmonicida had a maximal biosorption capacity among them,and Vibrio minimal.Based on this trail,A.salmonicida,C.ulcerans and Vibrio were selected for next trails included optimal biosorption time,optimal pH value and effect of pre-disposal by several chemical reagents on biosorption capacity.The results showed:optimal biosorption time was between 40 minutes and 60 minutes,and optical pH value 4～5.Pre-disposal by HCl leaded to lost the absorption capacity of A.salmonicida,but was opposite by NaOH and ethanol.For C.ulcerans and Vibrio,the copper absorption capacities were increased by them.

Objective: To investigate the association between the CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism and the serum concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ), to provide guidance for individualized drug dosing. Methods: Eighty-four epilepsy patients taking CBZ were included in this study. Their clinical data were recorded and CBZ serum concentrations were measured. The CYP3A5 6986 genetic polymorphism was assessed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) assay. Patients were divided according to genotype into CYP3A5 expressor (CYP3A5*1/*1 genotype and CYP3A5*1/*3 genotypes) and non-expressor groups (CYP3A5*3/*3). The two groups were compared for the total dose of CBZ, dose of CBZ/kg body weight, serum drug concentration, dose-corrected serum concentration, and standardized serum concentration. Results: The total dose of CBZ and the dose of CBZ/kg body weight was higher in the CYP3A5 expressor group than the non-expressor (P = 0.043 and P = 0.014, respectively). The dose-corrected and standardized serum concentrations were lower in the CYP3A5 expressor group than the non-expressor (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was however, no signifi cant difference in serum drug concentration between the two groups (P = 0.487). Conclusions: There was a close relationship between CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism and the serum concentrations of carbamazepine.

Objective To identify the risk factors for progression of advanced chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients who were cared by nephrologists in a specific CKD outpatient management clinic.Methods A prospective monocentric cohort study was performed.CKD patients of stage 3, 4 and 5 without renal replacement treatment were followed up regularly by nephrologists in this specific CKD management clinic.Patients with established atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis(ARAS) and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and those who had not been followed-up for at least 12 months before Jun.30, 2010 were excluded.Clinical and laboratory data including blood pressure (BP), proteinuria, hemoglobulin (Hb), calcium phosphate product (Ca×P) and serum creatinine were consecutively collected.The treatment regimen was also recorded.Estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) was calculated with the formula modified for Chinese to evaluate the change of renal function.The progression of kidney disease was defined as initiation of renal replacement therapy, the annual decrease of eGFR＞4 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1, and/or death associated with renal disease.Results A total of 138 patients were enrolled in the final analysis with 84 patients of CKD stage 3, 36 of CKD stage 4 and 18 of CKD stage 5, respectively.At the time of enrollment, patients had an average age of (56.5:±:16.7) years old with an average eGFR of (32.3±13.4) ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1.During a mean follow-up interval of (27.1±12.1) months, the patients were well-controlled with an average blood pressure of (126.5±12.4)/(76.4±7.9) mm Hg in 50.7％(70/138), less than or equal to 130/80 mm Hg, an average Hb of(123.8±17.1) g/L in 73.9％(102/138), above or equal to 110 g/L and an average Ca×P of (45.2±7.7) mg2/dl2 in 89.1％(123/138), less than or equal to 55 mg2/dl2.Sixty-two patients (44.9％) had progression of kidney disease. On univariate analysis, factors predicting progression were low eGFR at referral, high systolic pressure, low Hb level, high Ca×P and proteinuria during follow-up, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors treatment did not affect the progression.After the adjustment, multivariate analysis revealed proteinuria and low Hb level were independent factors for the progression of kidney disease.Conclusions The co-morbidities of advanced CKD patients can be managed efficiently in specific CKD outpatient management clinic.Control of proteinuria and correction of anemia may be beneficial to prevent the progression of advanced CKD.