Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China because of high incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.HCC is diagnosed at a late stage in most of the cases; therefore the prognosis of patients with HCC is generally poor.Early diagnosis and surgical treatment are of great clinical desirable to improve prognosis of HCC.Tumor marker is an effective means for early diagnosis,prognosis assessment and recurrence monitoring.In addition to alpha fetoprotein (AFP),Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3),des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP),glypican-3,N-glycome markers,candidate-susceptibility genes,microRNAs and several other biomarkers have been revealed as potential HCC markers and will be applied in clinical laboratory gradually.In this review,the efficacies of novel HCC markers and their possible implications for clinical application are described.

Objective:To promote the development of private pension institutions and social welfare in China. Methods:33 private pension institutions and 165 elderly people are followed with questionnaire. Results:The number of institutions, beds and occupancy in Hefei has increased annually since 2001. 94% of pension institutions are in the mid-range level of 500~1000 yuan;27. 27% of pension institutions belong to self-constructed housing, 69. 7%rented housing, 3. 03% modificated housing. 21. 21% of pension institutions’ investments scale is more than 10 million yuan. Conclusion:Private pension institutions face some problems, such as structural imbalance in terms of supply and demand, shortage of funds, and lack of human resources. Suggestion:We should reasonably adjust the level and function of institutions, increase the support for funds, and cultivate professional teams.

Along with the degree of population ageing worse off continuously, the demand for medical service is growing. The current system of pension service and medical service are discrete and separate, and integrating pen-sion service with medical service is the best choice for China. However, there are some problems with the model for integrating pension service with medical service. These problems include the lack of funding, negative participation and imperfect methods of service delivery; high toll levels and single, rigid service contents; and bull management and policies hard to enforce. China should improve the service delivery model, identify service content according to the demand for service object, and improve the mechanism of government management.

Insulin resistance and islet ? cell dysfunction are well-identified pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The generation of a great quantity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) impairs the function of mitochondria and induces oxidative stress during metabolic process of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipemia. Oxidative stress blocks insulin action pathway and induces insulin resistance; inhibit expression of insulin gene; decrease insulin secretion and impair ? cell function. In this paper, the mechanism of the ROS generation, insulin resistance and ? cell dysfunction induced by oxidative stress are reviewed.

AIM: To investigate the effects of different phacoemulsification incision for tear film stability in cataract patients.
METHODS: From January 2014 to September 2015, 108 patients (144 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery were divided into two groups: group A with clear corneal incision ( 52 cases with 74 eyes), group B with scleral tunnel incision (56 cases with 70 eye). Two groups of patients were taken the same incision width. Symptoms of dry eye and tear film break - up time ( BUT) were observed 1d before and 1d, 1, 3wk, 1 and 3mo postoperatively.
RESULTS:After performing cataract phacoemulsification 1d, 1wk, symptoms score of dry eye of group A was less than that of group B, the difference was statistically significant (t = -6. 199, -2. 871, P<0. 01), while at other times after operation there were no significant differences ( t = - 1. 639, - 0. 829, - 0. 301, P >0. 05); at postoperative 1d, 1 and 3wk, BUT of group B was better than those of group A, there were a statistically significant differences ( t = - 3. 718, -2. 342,-2. 506, P<0. 05), there were no significant differences at other the time after operation (t= -0. 882,1. 225, P>0. 05).CONCLUSION: The difference on effect of two different incision on the tear film stability only last a short time, which disappeared at 1mo after operation. The clear corneal incision has stronger impacts on tear film stability than scleral tunnel incision, while with a lower score on symptoms of dry eye.

Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in China,and is one of the most serious threats to people's health.Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of PLC.Abnormal glycosylation is reported to be closely related to the genesis and development of malignant tumors.With the advent of modern proteomic and glycomic methodologies,several alterations in fucosylation,sialylation,and glycan branching have been observed in serum of patients with PLC.Altered glycosylation profiles,glycosyltransferases and glycosylated proteins could be screened and used as potential serum markers for early diagnosis,progression monitoring and prognosis evaluation of PLC.

Non-drug therapy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mainly includes exercise therapy, such as Baduanjin and Taichi. Some TCM techniques adjunct toanti-hyperhension drugs show effectiveness with safety, such as moxibustion, acupuncture, acupoint application, auricular point application, massage, cupping, scraping, herbal tea, emotional therapy, and music therapy. In future, long-term follow-up of trials and standardization of research are needed. In the other way, in-depth research on patients with grade 3 hypertension and secondary hypertension is still needed.

Costimulatory signals have become a hot field in immunological researches. As co-inhibitory molecules, programmed death-1 ( PD-1) and its ligands (PD-1/PD-L) have been demonstrated to play an important role in autoimmune disease, organ transplant rejection, microorganism infection, tumor immune escapes etc. . In recent years,some studies about PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmology have been curried out and reported. Some changes were found in PD-1/PD-L pathway, such as ocular immunologic diseases, ocular infectious diseases, ocular tumors, immune privilege in ocular tissues and so on. Through the research on PD-1/PD-L pathway,we can further understand the pathogenesis of some ocular diseases and find new methods for their prevention and treatments. This article reviewed the recent advances in PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmological physiopathology.

Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is still a great challenge in clinical practice.Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),liver enzymes,cytokines,and some special glycoproteins,though helpful,are not sensitive and specific enough for early diagnosis of HCC.The establishment of several interesting predictive diagnostic models on liver fi- brosis/cirrhosis suggests that mathematic predictive model,which is developed based on large sample size and follow-up study, might be of higher sensitivity,specificity and feasibility in clinical application.Here we suggest that more attention should be paid to this kind of multi-parameter predictive diagnostic models clinically,so as to improve the early diagnosis of HCC in a more economical and feasible way.

Along with the improvement of the diagnosis techniques and the popularization of the health examination,the incidence of the thyroid nodule is growing rapidly.The management methods of the nodules depend on the correct diagnosis of the thyroid nodules,which could save the limited resources of the healthcare system.The diagnostic methods of the thyroid nodules developed in recent years are reviewed in this paper.