0 05), except serotype 3 from NGU patients, which was more commonly found in women than in men (P10%, respectively). Conclusion Serotype 4 was the one most frequently found and strongly related with NGU. It is suggested that the transformation from colonization to pathogenetic status be possible for serotype 3 under the influence of host and a certain environmental condition.

A monoclonal antibody 1C34-5 raised against human peripheral mononuclear cells was produced. This antibody, a monoclonal IgG1. showed positive reaction with about 90% of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes. granulocytes and bone marrow cells, but negative reaction with red blood cells and platelets by indirect immunoflurorescent technique. 1C34-5 also reacted with leucocytic cell lines except a non-T non-B lymphoid line Reh but not with erythroid line K562, HeLa cells and fibroblast cells so far tested.This antibody was also assayed histologically by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique against a variety of human normal tissue frozen sections. It was found that 1C34-5 bound to all lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes, tonsil, thymus. Peyer's patches and leucocytes scattered in other tissues, but not to all non-hematopoietic tissues as well as erythropoietic foci in fetal liver. Thus. 1C34-5 appears to recognize a human leucocyte antigen specifically.

Objective To determine the retest reliability and measurement error of walking energy consumption measurement in children with cerebral palsy in special school. Methods 13 children with cerebral palsy studying in Shanghai Pudong Special Education School from September to December in 2010 were enrolled in this study. They were asked to walk up and down continuously on a 50-meter-long walking pace in 6 minutes, while the distance of walking and the heart rate of both rest and walking were measured to calculate physical cost index (PCI). After 1 week, they took the 2nd measurement at the same time, the same location and the same condition. Then the results between the former and the later measurements were compared to identify the retest reliability and measurement error. Results The study showed a good retest reliability in heart rate of walking, distance of walking and PCI (ICC=0.77~0.83), but a low retest reliability in heart rate of rest (ICC=0.38). The study also showed a high measurement error in PCI. Conclusion PCI had good retest reliability and high measurement error, and was easily affected by the emotion of the children. So it was limited as a measurement of walking energy consumption in children with cerebral palsy.

Objective To determine Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) sequence types in different geographical areas of China,including Changzhou and Yangzhou cities of Jiangsu province,Wuzhou and Hezhou cities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region,Sanya and Qionghai cities of Hainan province,Jiangmen and Maoming cities of Guangdong province.Methods DNA was extracted using Qiagen DX extraction kits from 88 urine samples which were collected from male patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and positive for nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for N.gonorrhoeae.Two rounds of PCR were carried out to amplify the porB and tbpB genes of N.gonorrhoeae followed by gene sequencing.Sequence alignment was performed on the NG-MAST website (http://www.ng-mast.net) to determine the genotype of N.gonorrhoeae.Results The first-round PCR yielded positive results for porB and tbpB in 13.6％ (12/88) and 14.8％ (13/88),respectively,of these urine specimens,and 12 samples were successfully genotyped with the efficiency of genotyping being 13.6％.The amplification efficiency of second-round PCR was enhanced to 71.6％ and 72.7％ for porB and tbpB,respectively,and the efficiency of genotyping increased to 70.5％ (62/88).Compared with the first-round PCR,the second-round PCR showed an increase in amplification efficiency for porB and tbpB by 58.0％ and 57.9％ respectively,as well as in genotyping efficiency by 56.9％.Forty-five genotypes were identified in the 62 samples,including 40 known genotypes and 5 novel genotypes.Of these genotypes,ST1866 was the most abundant (6/62),followed by ST1972 (4/62) and ST3356 (4/62),all of which were from Jiangsu province.The ST532 genotype was identified in 3 samples from Guangdong province,ST2221 genotype in 2 samples from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region.Each of the remaining genotypes was identified in only 1 sample and scattered in all of these cities.The 5 novel MAST-genotypes were as follows:porB-892 and tbpB-46 (98％ similarity),porB-130 and tbpB-504 (96％ similarity),porB-2790 and tbpB-32 (99％ similarity),porB-1053 and tbpB-856 (99％ similarity).Conclusions Urine samples can be used for NG-MAST analysis,and two rounds of PCR can enhance the efficiency of genotyping.NG-MAST genotypes appear to be diverse in different geographical areas of China.

Objective To assess the prevalence of urogenital infection with and genotype distribution of C.trachomatis among female sex workers (FSWs) from different entertainment venues in Wuzhou and Hezhou cities of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Methods A total of 810 FSWs were recruited to this study by convenience sampling from entertainment venues in Wuzhou and Hezhou cities of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from July 2009 to September 2010.Based on the venues where they solicited clients,the FSWs were classified into three tiers,i.e.,high-tier,middle-tier and low-tier.Cervical swabs were collected from all of these subjects followed by detection of C.trachomatis with the Amplicor PCR test kit.Then,DNA was extracted from C.trachomatis-positive specimens and subjected to nested PCR assay targeting the ompA gene followed by bidirectional sequencing.The genotype of C.trachomatis was determined according to the sequence of ompA gene.Chi-square test was conducted to compare the urogenital infection rate and genotype distribution of C.trachomatis between different tiers of FSWs.Results Among the 805 FSWs,the prevalence rate of urogenital C.trachomatis infection was 20.0％ (161/805).Chi-square test showed that the prevalence rate of urogenital C.trachomatis infection was significantly lower in high-and middle-tier FSWs than in low-tier FSWs (x2 =3.97,5.95,respectively,both P ＜ 0.05).Nine genotypes of C.trachomatis were identified in these FSWs,with serotype F as the most prevalent genotype (39/154,25.3％).Low-tier FSWs showed a higher frequency of genotype E (x2 =5.02,P ＜ 0.05) but a lower frequency of genotype K (Fisher's Exact test,P =0.048) compared with middle-tier FSWs.Conclusions Low-tier FSWs show a high rate of urogenital infection with C.trachomatis,with serotype E as the prevalent type.Since C.trachomatis serovar E-infected patients are likely to be missed by symptom-based screening and preventive strategies,standardized screening for and efficient treatment of urogenital C.trachomatis infection should be enhanced among low-tier FSWs for the prevention of C.trachomatis transmission.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in some cities of Jiangsu province.Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out among MSM attending gay bars in some cities of Jiangsu province.Participants underwent screening for STDs in accordance with their personal wishes.Urethral swabs,first void urine and blood samples were collected at these survey sites and delivered to the STD research laboratory for testing.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to assess factors associated with STDs.Results A total of 388 subjects completed the questionnaire and underwent physical examination and STD screening.Of these subjects,45.6％ had only homosexual behavior.Examination of urine or urethral swab specimens showed that the prevalence rate was 1.3％ (5/388),9.4％ (36/385),17.2％ (66/384) and 28.1％ (109/388) for Neisseda gonorrhoeae,Chlamydia trachomatis,Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum infection respectively.Serological tests revealed that the positivity rate was 1.0％ (4/388) for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)antibody,18.8％(73/388) for Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA),12.1％(47/388) for rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test,9.8％ (38/388) for human herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2-IgG,9.8％ (38/388) for hepatitis B surface antigen,1.0％ (4/388) for anti-hepatitis C virus antibody and 2.1％ (8/388) for anti-hepatitis E virus antibody.Multivariate analysis indicated that Chlamydia trachomatis infection was independently and significantly associated with polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) counts in urethral swab smears (adjusted odds ratio (AOR):5.30,95％ CI:2.04-13.77,P ＜ 0.01),Mycoplasma genitalium infection was significantly associated with age (AOR:2.84,95％ CI:1.17-6.87,P＜ 0.05),PMNL counts in urethral swab smears (AOR:2.37,95％ CI:1.01-557,P＜ 0.05) and urethral discomfort in the past three months (AOR:2.43,95％ CI.1.18-5.02,P＜ 0.05),and syphilis (defined as a positive TPPA and RPR test) was associated with age (AOR:2.46,95％ CI:1.05-5.75,P ＜ 0.05) and seropositivity for anti-HSV-2 antibodies (AOR:3.70,95％ CI:1.62-8.44,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions There is a high prevalence of STDs among MSM attending gay bars in some cities of Jiangsu province,with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium as the most common pathogens of urethritis.

Objective To compare the pathogenicity between Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 1 (Up1)and 8 (Uu8) in the genital tract of BALB/c mice.Methods A total of 48 BALB/c mice were randomly and equally divided into four groups:blank control group receiving no treatment,estradiol group pretreated with intramuscular injection of estradiol followed by intravaginal inoculation with sterial liquid culture media,Up1 and Uu8 groups pretreated with intramuscular injection of estradiol followed by intravaginal inoculation with suspensions of Up1 and Uu8 respectively.Three mice were randomly selected from each group to be sacrificed after the collection of vaginal lavage fluid on day 3,7,14 and 21 after the inoculation.Vaginal and uterine tissue specimens were obtained from these sacrificed mice and underwent hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.Vaginal lavage fluid samples were subjected to culture of Uu and measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).Results No evidences were observed for Uu growth in either the blank control group or estradiol group at any of the time points after the inoculation,with the average level of TNF-α in vaginal lavage fluid being (4.17 ± 0.85) pg/ml at these time points in both groups.Uu grew in all the vaginal lavage fluid samples from the Up1 and Uu8 groups at the four time points,with the color change unit (CCU) value decreasing with time.The level of TNF-α in vaginal lavage fluid peaked on day 14 after the inoculation in the Up 1 ((14.93 ± 1.11) pg/ml) and Uu8 ((27.04 ± 24.26) pg/ml) groups.Both Up1 and Uu8 infection caused acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the mice,which were mainly located in the uterus,and Up1 might cause intrauterine adhesion.Conclusions At the same inoculation concentration,no significant difference is found in the pathogenicity between Up1 and Uu8,both of which appear to mainly cause cervicitis.Upl might be partially responsible for intrauterine adhesion in mice.

Objective To discuss theoretical structure model for the scale of recurrent oral ulcer (ROU) with traditional Chinese medicine characteristics; To lay a theoretical foundation for further developing scale. Methods This study followed international patients reported outcome (PRO) scale development specification, combined TCM theories, including the theory of mouth dominate and five internal organs correlation, uniformed spirit and body, correspondence between human and the universe, seven emotions, constructed theoretical structure of PRO scale of ROU. Results The theoretical structure of PRO scale of ROU included four major areas as physiology, psychology, independence, and society and nature. Conclusion Theoretical model of PRO scale of ROU laies the foundation and provides the oretical guidance for the formulation of PRO scale of the ROU.

Objectives To investigate the infection and colonization of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in different male populations, to explore the association of M. genitalium and U. urealyticum with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) respectively. Methods A case-controlled, cross sectional study of four different male populations was performed, namely: NGU patients (G1), non-NGU subjects attending STD clinic (G2), men who had sex with men participating in a health education program (G3), and healthy volunteers (G4). Nested PCR and culture were used to detect U. urealyticum. Nested PCR and PCR product sequencing were applied to detect M. genitalium. Results The prevalence rates of M. genitalium in the four study populations were 25.0%(25/100), 6.4%(6/94), 5.5%(6/110) and 0% respectively. Significant difference was found between each two groups except G2～G3 with a p value of 0.80. By multivariate regression analysis, controlling for the age of first sex, new sexual partners, urethritis and condom use in the previous 3 months, M. genitalium was only associated with urethritis (P= 0.004, OR = 6.754, 95% CI 1.833～24.893). The direct sequencing of PCR products showed gene mutations, in comparison with the reference sequence in GenBank, in 3 samples. The prevalence rates of U. urealyticum by PCR in 4 groups were 40.0%, 44.7%, 22.7% and 46.9% respectively, and there was no significant difference between G1～G2, G1～G4 or G2～G4 with a p value of 0.419, 0.325, 0.868 respectively, but the prevalence rate of U. urealyticum in G3 was significantly lower than that in other groups. Conclusions M. genitalium is strongly associated with NGU and the prevalence rate is significantly higher in groups with high risk sexual behaviors than that in general population. There is no association between the colonization of U. urealyticum and NGU.

Objective To evaluate the value of CT virtual endoscopy(CTVE)for microsurgery of pituitary microadenomas via transsphenoidal approach.Methods In 18 patients with pituitary micmadenomas underwent microsurgery via transsphenoidal approach,the presurgical CT data was transfered to work station,the anatomies of the sphenoid sinus were then reconstructed by CTVE.The CTVE images were used to make the preoperative planning and indentify sphenoid sinus, sellar floor,and the position of the tumor during surgery.The CTVE images and the views from intraoperative microscope were compared. Results CTVE could display the anotomoties of sphenoid sinus in a three-dimentional mode.The display rates of superfical antomies such as sphenoid septa,sellar floor,carotid prominence,optic prominence and opticocarotid recess were 344.4%,100%,41.7%,36.1%and 58.3%respectively and the visual fields of these anatomic landmarks were larger than the views from the intraoperative microscope. CTVE could depcit the anatomies of the enhanced carotid ateries and pituitary tissue and some optic canals underlying the sellae by transparent function or heighten the threshold.The sites of the tumor could be marked correctly on CTVE images.CTVE could simulate the operative approach and some operating procedures properatively. Conclusion CTVE can display the anatomies of sphenoid sinus in a three-dimensional mode. In transsphenoidal treatment of pituitary microadenoma,CTVE can help to make preoperative planning,locate the intraoperative structures and make a precise bone window during surgery.