Objective To investigate the relationship between the serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/ ApoA-Ⅰ ratio and intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.Methods Patients with ischemic stroke aged from 18 to 45 were enrolled in the study.Brain CT angiography was used to evaluate the degree of intracranial artery stenosis,and the concentrations of serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,ApoA-Ⅰ,and ApoB were detected.The ratio of ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ was calculated.The Demographic and clinical characteristics of the intracranial artery stenosis group and the non-intracranial artery stenosis group were compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.Results A total of 161 young patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled,including 89 in the intracranial artery stenosis group and 72 in the non-intracranial artery stenosis group.The constituent ratios of diabetes mellitus (20.2％ vs.6.9％;x2 =4.641,P =0.032),smoking (47.5％ vs.15.2％;x2 =15.121,P=0.001),hyperlipidermia (56.1％ vs.48.6％;x2 =4.197,P=0.040),as well as the radios in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.29 ± 0.30 mmol/L vs.1.65 ± 0.34 mmol/L;t =7.131,P=0.002),ApoA-Ⅰ (1.49 ± 0.65 g/L vs.1.63 ± 0.23 g/L;t =2.751,P =0.001),ApoB (1.49 ± 0.65 g/L vs.1.63±0.23 g/L;t=2.751,P=0.001),and ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio (1.49±0.65 vs.1.63± 0.23;t =2.751,P=0.001) had significant differences between the two groups.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.052,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.186-7.856;P =0.021),smoking (OR 2.997,95％ Cl 1.456-6.172;P =0.003),hyperlipidemia (OR 4.745,95％ CI 2.108-10.668;P =0.001),ApoB (OR 4.861,95％ CI 3.029-7.802;P=0.001),and ApoB/ ApoA-Ⅰ ratio (OR 5.684,95％ CI 2.215-14.584;P=0.002) were the independent risk factors for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke,while HDL-C (OR 0.561,95％ CI 0.354-0.888;P=0.014) and ApoA-Ⅰ (OR 0.065,95％ CI 0.010-0.409;P=0.004) were the independent protective factors.After adjustment for hypertension,diabetes,smoking,hyperlipidemia,HDL-C,ApoA-Ⅰ,and ApoB,ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio was still an independent risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke (each increase of 1 standard deviation,OR 4.255,95％ CI 2.348-7.711;P=0.001).Conclusion ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio is an independent risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND:Condylar fracture can occur under direct and indirect forces, and however, its risk and correlation with the impact site are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE:To quickly establish normal mandible three-dimensional finite element model and to analyze the strain conditions of the condyle under force at different parts of the mandible. METHODS: An adolescent volunteer was examined by multilayer spiral CT scans, whose mandible was normal and oral cavity was healthy. We used the reverse engineering software Mimics and large finite element software MSC.Patran to establish the three-dimensional finite element model of the mandible and to verify the feasibility of the model in the impact test at the body of the mandible, chin, mandibular angle and condyle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A rapid establishment of mandible dimensional finite element biomechanical model could reproduce the morphology of the mandible, which was able to obtain the overal visual impression of the mandibular condyle. Geometric model included 80 044 nodes and 18 441 units. The mandibular chin, one side of the body, mandibular angle and condyle were given 100 N force respectively. The maximum equivalent stress of the bone cortex appeared in condylar region. So the mandibular condylar fractures were at the greatest risk. Experimental results contribute to mechanicaly analyze the condylar fracture type and to judge the severity of fractures.

Objective To investigate the immune response of IL-10 to Schistosoma japonicum infection in the early infectioin model and SEA immunization model of the IGTP~(-/-) and IRG-47~(-/-) mice.Methods In the early infection model,the IGTP knock out (IGTP~(-/-)) mice,IRG-47 knock out (IRG-47~(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 300 S.japonicum cercariae via the pinna and sacrificed on day 7 post-infection.Each mouse pinna section was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to detect the pathological lesions,and the culture supernatant of pinna was used to test the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines by indirect ELISA.In the SEA immunization model,IGTP~(-/-) IRG-47~(-/-) and WT mice were immunized with SEA twice and sacrificed in 3 weeks after the initial immunization.SEA-specific IgG antibody in sera was detected by indirect ELISA;the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines were tested in culture supernatant of splenocytes by indirect ELISA;the proportions of CD4~+ T cells,CD8~+ T cells,B cells,Th1 and Th2 cells in the spleen were assayed by FACS.Results Although no obvious differences on the pathology of pinna were observed among the three mouse groups,the level of IL-10 in the culture supernatant of pinna of IRG-47~(-/-) mice was lower than that of IGTP~(-/-) mice in 7 days after the exposure.Following SEA immunization,the level of SEA-specific IgG antibody in sera of IGTP~(-/-) mice was lower than that in WT mice,the level of IL-10 in the culture supernatant of splenocytes of IRG-47~(-/-) mice was higher than that of IGTP~(-/-) and WT mice with the stimulation of SEA.However,the proportion of Th2 cells in the spleen of IRG47~(-/-) mice was the lowest among the three mouse groups.Conclusions SEA is the stimulus of IRG-47 deficiency mice to defend Schistosoma japanicum infection and promote the host to produce a protective response,and IL-10 may play an important role in immune regulation in this process.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of chromomycin A(2) in inducing apoptosis of HepG2 cells and explore the molecular mechanism.

METHODSHepG2, MCF-7, A549, and 7901 cells were exposed to chromomycin A(2) and the changes in the cell viability were detected using MTT assay. The changes in the chromatins were observed with laser scanning confocal microscope after incubation of the cells with chromomycin A(2) (60 nmol/L) for 24 h. The changes in cell morphology were examined with a phase-contrast microscope, and the apoptotic cell populations, fluorescent intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined using flow cytometry.

RESULTSChromomycin A(2) significantly inhibited the proliferation of the cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and caused changes in the cell morphology and cell apoptosis. Exposure of the cells to chromomycin A(2) resulted in chromatin condensation, ROS generation, and reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential.

CONCLUSIONIncreased ROS and mitochondria damage may importantly contribute to chromomycin A(2)-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; Hep G2 Cells ; drug effects ; Humans ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; pathology ; Plicamycin ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

To investigate the influence of Angelica Four Inverse Decoction on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) nerve conduction velocity and advanced glycation end products (AEGs), Cystatin C (Cys-C) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels, 78 cases of DPN patients admitted in our hospital from March 2015 to January 2017 were selected and divided into two groups by random number table method. The two groups adopted the same basic treatment, on the basis of which, the control group was added mecobalamin tablets treatment, while the observation group was given Angelica Four Inverse Decoction. The curative effect of Chinese medicine syndrome, the scores of toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS), nerve conduction velocity and the change of serum AEGs, Cys-C and Hcy levels before and after treatment were recorded and compared between the two groups and then the safety of medicine were evaluated between the two groups. 4 weeks after the treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 89.7％, significantly higher than 71.8％ of the control group (P ＜ 0.05) . Compared with those before receiving treatment, the SNCV and MNCV values of the common peroneal nerve and median nerve both significantly increased in the two groups 4 weeks after the treatment (P ＜ 0.01); the improvement of nerve conduction velocity of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.01) . 4 weeks after the treatment, TCSS score and serum AEGs, Cys-C, Hcy levels were all significantly lower than those before receiving the treatment in the two groups (P ＜ 0.01); compared with that of the control group in the same time period, the improvement effect of TCSS score and serum AEGs, Cys-C, Hcy levels were more significant in the observation group 4 weeks after the treatment (P ＜ 0.01) . There were no obvious adverse reactions in the two groups. As a result, Angelica Four Inverse Decoction applied to DPN patients can more effectively relieve clinical symptoms and signs, improve nerve conduction velocity, reduce the level of AEGs, and improve microcirculation with remarkable curative effect and high safety.

Background: and Purpose Collateral circulation is considered an important factor affecting the risk of stroke, but the factors that affect collateral circulation remain unclear. This study was performed to identify the factors associated with collateral circulation, especially blood lipids. Methods: The study involved patients who had undergone digital subtraction angiography and were confirmed as having severe unilateral stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). We classified the collateral circulation status of each patient as good (Grade 3 or 4) or poor (Grade 0, 1, or 2) according to the grading system of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/American Society of Interventional Radiology. We collected data on patients’ characteristics and identified the factors that affect collateral circulation. Results: This study included 212 patients. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and a complete anterior half of the circle of Willis were independent protective factors for good collateral circulation, whereas elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and serum creatinine concentrations were independent risk factors for good collateral circulation. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.76) for HDL-C and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.62–0.76) for Lp(a). A binary logistic regression model analysis of the joint factor of HDL-C and Lp(a) yielded an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.71–0.84). Conclusions In patients with severe unilateral ICA stenosis or occlusion, the combination of HDL-C and Lp(a) is a useful predictor of collateral circulation.

As a ligand-dependent transcription factor,retinoid-associated orphan receptor γt(RORyt)that controls T helper(Th)17 cell differentiation and interleukin(IL)-17 expression plays a critical role in the pro-gression of several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.An emerging novel approach to the therapy of these diseases thus involves controlling the transcriptional capacity of RORyt to decrease Th17 cell development and IL-17 production.Several RORyt inhibitors including both antagonists and inverse agonists have been discovered to regulate the transcriptional activity of RORyt by binding to orthosteric-or allosteric-binding sites in the ligand-binding domain.Some of small-molecule inhibitors have entered clinical evaluations.Therefore,in current review,the role of RORyt in Th17 regulation and Th17-related inflammatory and autoimmune diseases was highlighted.Notably,the recently developed RORyt inhibitors were summarized,with an emphasis on their optimization from lead compounds,ef-ficacy,toxicity,mechanisms of action,and clinical trials.The limitations of current development in this area were also discussed to facilitate future research.

Long-term primary culture of mammalian cells has been always difficult due to unavoidable senescence. Conventional methods for generating immortalized cell lines usually require manipulation of genome which leads to change of important biological and genetic characteristics. Recently, conditional reprogramming (CR) emerges as a novel next generation tool for long-term culture of primary epithelium cells derived from almost all origins without alteration of genetic background of primary cells. CR co-cultures primary cells with inactivated mouse 3T3-J2 fibroblasts in the presence of RHO-related protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632, enabling primary cells to acquire stem-like characteristics while retain their ability to fully differentiate. With only a few years' development, CR shows broad prospects in applications in varied areas including disease modeling, regenerative medicine, drug evaluation, drug discovery as well as precision medicine. This review is thus to comprehensively summarize and assess current progress in understanding mechanism of CR and its wide applications, highlighting the value of CR in both basic and translational researches and discussing the challenges faced with CR.