Objective To investigate the drug tolerance of Acinetobacter baumanni and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Methods The antimicrobial susceptibility tests for 275 isolates of Acinetobacter baumanni and 107 isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from 2000 to 2004 were measured by MicroScan WarkAway 96 The chemotherapeutic effects of 18 cases of sequent infection with Acinetobacter baumanni and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was analyzed. Results The resistance of the two species of bacteria to twelve antibiotics increased obviously during the last five years, especially from 2000 to 2001. The resistant rate of Acinetobacter baumanni to Cefepime、Cefotaxime、Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxonewas was 20~50% in 2000, but raised to 70%~81% in 2004. For Acinetobacter baumanni to Amikacin、Amp/sulbac、Ciprofloxacin、Gentamicin、Tobramycin and Trimeth/Sulfa, the resistant rate was 20%~40% in 2000, while 63~86% in 2004. The lowest resistant rate was to Imipenem, only 7% or so. The resistant rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to Ciprofloxacin、Ceftazidime、ceftriaxone and Tobramycin was 25%、50%、0% and 0%, respectively, in 2000, but in 2004 year, was 76%、76%、95% and 95%, respectively. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia showed a high drug tolerance to other antibiotics. Conclusion To strengthen the monitoring of the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumanni and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and the monitoring of sequential infection in Acinetobacter baumanni and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is very important for clinic so as to choose antibiotic rationally and improve curative effect

Stress is a kind of coping mechanism of human and most animals in the face of external survival pressure, which can regulate an individual's physiological, psychological function and behavior. Some studies have shown that there are differences in stress response and cognition of different stress intensity on individuals. In addition, for different individuals, the stress response caused by the same stress source is also varied, which is related to the changes in neurotransmitter and hormone levels, as well as difference in the activation patterns of downstream signa-to individual genetic difference and other factors. In this paper, the cognitive changes from different stress states are summarized from the aspects of neurotransmitters, hormones and their downstream mechanisms, so as to provide ideas for the reasonable application of stress and the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases.

Extranodal lymphoma presents in almost one-third of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. The gastrointestinal tract, skin, and central nervous system are common sites of involvement, whereas the urethra and cervix are very rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on concurrent extranodal involvement of the uterine cervix and urethra. We report imaging findings of malignant lymphoma involving urethra and cervix concurrently in a 79-year-old female patient with literature review. The magnetic resonance imaging showed huge intermediate to high signal intensity mass on T2 weighted images and strong homogeneous enhancement in uterine cervix and periurethral area, but no surrounding architectural disruption.

We have experienced three cases of mucinous ductal ectasia of the pancreas. They showed the characteristic duodenoscopic findings and underlying pathology was hyperplasia in two cases and adenocarcinoma in one case. When endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was performed, bulging ampulla of Vater, patulous ampullary orifice and mucus leakage from papillary orifice were noted. Also cyst-like dilatation of main duct or side branch of the uncinate process were observed.
Adenocarcinoma ; Ampulla of Vater ; Dilatation ; Dilatation, Pathologic* ; Hyperplasia ; Mucins* ; Mucus ; Pancreas* ; Pathology

PURPOSE: According to the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P1 (NSABP-P1) study, tamoxifen can prevent 49% of invasive breast cancers in patients who have a 5-year risk of 1.67% or more. Because tamoxifen is associated with both adverse effects (endometrial cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism) and protective effect (fracture prevention), it is necessary to weigh the risks and benefits of using tamoxifen for prevention in Korean women. This study weighed those risks and benefits. METHODS: Data were reviewed on the incidences of breast cancer, hip fracture, endometrial cancer and stroke in the absence of tamoxifen treatment in Korean women. We also reviewed NSABP-P1 data on the effects of tamoxifen on these outcomes. A risk-benefit index was calculated according to age and specific risk of breast cancer. Sensitivity analyses were performed with assumptions regarding the effects of tamoxifen. RESULTS: Compared to U.S. women, the numbers of hip fractures and endometrial cancers were lower, but the number of strokes was much higher. The net benefit of tamoxifen was reduced with increasing age because of a high risk of stroke in older women. Older Korean women had more risk than benefit from tamoxifen chemoprevention. Only women younger than age 40 had a positive risk-benefit index with an average 5-year risk of breast cancer in Korea. Sensitivity analysis showed that this result was robust. CONCLUSION: Women under the age 40 had more benefit than risk from tamoxifen chemoprevention. Tamoxifen chemoprevention should be limited to Korean women younger than age 40.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Chemoprevention ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Hip ; Hip Fractures ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Risk Assessment ; Stroke ; Tamoxifen

PURPOSE: According to the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P1 (NSABP-P1) study, tamoxifen can prevent 49% of invasive breast cancers in patients who have a 5-year risk of 1.67% or more. Because tamoxifen is associated with both adverse effects (endometrial cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism) and protective effect (fracture prevention), it is necessary to weigh the risks and benefits of using tamoxifen for prevention in Korean women. This study weighed those risks and benefits. METHODS: Data were reviewed on the incidences of breast cancer, hip fracture, endometrial cancer and stroke in the absence of tamoxifen treatment in Korean women. We also reviewed NSABP-P1 data on the effects of tamoxifen on these outcomes. A risk-benefit index was calculated according to age and specific risk of breast cancer. Sensitivity analyses were performed with assumptions regarding the effects of tamoxifen. RESULTS: Compared to U.S. women, the numbers of hip fractures and endometrial cancers were lower, but the number of strokes was much higher. The net benefit of tamoxifen was reduced with increasing age because of a high risk of stroke in older women. Older Korean women had more risk than benefit from tamoxifen chemoprevention. Only women younger than age 40 had a positive risk-benefit index with an average 5-year risk of breast cancer in Korea. Sensitivity analysis showed that this result was robust. CONCLUSION: Women under the age 40 had more benefit than risk from tamoxifen chemoprevention. Tamoxifen chemoprevention should be limited to Korean women younger than age 40.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Chemoprevention ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Hip ; Hip Fractures ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Risk Assessment ; Stroke ; Tamoxifen

No abstract available.
Humans ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relation between pre-operative MR findings and intradiscal bone cement leakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre-operative MR and vertebroplasty were performed in 188 vertebral bodies, 376 superior and inferior cortical endplates and intervertebral discs of 126 patients. We analyzed the relation between endplate cortical injury and intradiscal linear low signal intensity lesions in the pre-operative MR images and measured intradiscal bone cement leakage on post-operative CT and fluoroscopy. RESULTS: Intradiscal bone cement leakage was found in 11.4% (43/376) of the cases. The incidence of endplate cortical injury in T1, T2 weighted MR images were 52.1% and 38.8%, respectively; the incidence of intradiscal linear low signal intensity lesions in T1, T2 weighted images were 11.2% and 24.2%, respectively. In relation with pre-operative MR findings and intradiscal bone cement leakage, the sensitivities of end plate cortical injury in T1 and T2 weighted images and intradiscal low signal intensity lesions in T1 and T2 weighted images were 100%, 95.3%, 39.5%, 86.5%, the specificities were 54.1%, 68.5%, 92.5%, 83.9%, the positive predictive values were 21.9%, 28.1%, 40.5%, 40.7%, the negative predictive values were 100%, 99.1%, 92.2%, 97.9%, and the accuracy were 59.3%, 71.5%, 86.4%, 84.0%. The incidence of intradiscal bone cement leakage was significantly increased when endplate cortical injury and intradiscal linear low signal intensity lesions were observed (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Endplate cortical injury and intradiscal linear low signal intensity observed in pre-operative MR are useful findings in predicting intradiscal bone cement leakage.
Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intervertebral Disc ; Osteoporosis ; Spine ; Vertebroplasty*

PURPOSE: Based on the results of the relative risk model of Korean breast cancer, the aim of this study was to develop a Korean breast cancer risk assessment tool which would display the absolute breast cancer risks of Korean women. METHODS: The tool was developed in the three steps: selection of risk factors and relative risks, calculation of baseline breast cancer incidences, and estimation of absolute breast cancer risks. The risk factors used in this tool were age, family history of first- and second-degree relatives, body mass index, age at first delivery, history of breast-feeding, and a special test on the breasts. A program was developed in an HTML file, which was used for input of the risk factors, and a CGI file, which was used to calculate the risk and display the results. RESULTS: The program was stored in the Internet web page, http://home.dankook.ac.kr/breast/brca/brca.htm. After receiving an input of risk factors, the program was able to calculate the relative risk compared to all the age groups, the estimated absolute risks following 5 and 10 years, and the estimated absolute risks up to ages 64 and 74 years. The estimated risks of Korean women using this tool were less than those reported by the NCI risk assessment tool. The risk of breast cancer was highest in the fifth decade. CONCLUSION: In this study, we developed a web page containing a Korean breast cancer risk assessment tool. This program may be useful for the assessment of individual breast cancer risks, the selection of screening tools, and the evaluation of preventive options for risk reduction.
Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Internet ; Mass Screening ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: Based on the results of the relative risk model of Korean breast cancer, the aim of this study was to develop a Korean breast cancer risk assessment tool which would display the absolute breast cancer risks of Korean women. METHODS: The tool was developed in the three steps: selection of risk factors and relative risks, calculation of baseline breast cancer incidences, and estimation of absolute breast cancer risks. The risk factors used in this tool were age, family history of first- and second-degree relatives, body mass index, age at first delivery, history of breast-feeding, and a special test on the breasts. A program was developed in an HTML file, which was used for input of the risk factors, and a CGI file, which was used to calculate the risk and display the results. RESULTS: The program was stored in the Internet web page, http://home.dankook.ac.kr/breast/brca/brca.htm. After receiving an input of risk factors, the program was able to calculate the relative risk compared to all the age groups, the estimated absolute risks following 5 and 10 years, and the estimated absolute risks up to ages 64 and 74 years. The estimated risks of Korean women using this tool were less than those reported by the NCI risk assessment tool. The risk of breast cancer was highest in the fifth decade. CONCLUSION: In this study, we developed a web page containing a Korean breast cancer risk assessment tool. This program may be useful for the assessment of individual breast cancer risks, the selection of screening tools, and the evaluation of preventive options for risk reduction.
Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Internet ; Mass Screening ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors