Dementia is a health concern worldwide, as there is currently no cure for this neurodegenerative disease. Many studies have been conducted to better understand the symptoms and causes of this disease. Dementia can be diagnosed in a person as early as 40 years of age, which has been a source of concern for everyone. Most of the population have a long-held belief that dementia would only affect the elderly. Genetic factors may have the potential to improve the accuracy by which specific causes of dementia can be diagnosed in clinical. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to gather credible and up-to-date information regarding this disease from previous studies. This review study will therefore aid in the understanding of different types of dementia, as well as the genetic factors that contribute to dementia.
Dementia

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is becoming more common as the United States (U.S.A) population ages, along with the present of obesity pandemic. In general, HFpEF is the most common type of heart failure (HF) found in general population, however, the elderly, especially women are mostly suffering from it. It is primarily caused by obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Obesity is frequent in individuals with HFpEF. However, it may constitute a distinct phenotype of HFpEF, with distinct hemodynamic and anatomical problems. Obesity causes a systemic inflammatory response which can lead to cardiac fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction. Because most obese patients are still excluded from HFpEF clinical trials, further research is needed to evaluate the role of pharmacologic and interventional treatments in this expanding group. Thus, this review study will aid in the understanding of HFpEF and its association with obesity.
Heart Failure, Diastolic

Introduction: The association between clinical characteristics and endoscopic profile of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) patients with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion has not been well explored in Malaysia. Therefore, a retrospective study was performed using a five-years database to analyse the factors clinically and endoscopically for RBC transfusion. Methods: All adult NVUGIB patients who received RBC transfusion within the study period of 2012-2017 in Putrajaya Hospital were enrolled. There were 180 patients selected by systematic random sampling. Our composed clinical data include demography, risk factor, aetiology, presenting symptoms, Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS), endoscopic findings according to Forrest Classification and number unit of RBC transfusion. These data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U-Test, Pearson Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Results: Total 180 patients, the mean age was 63.9 (SD 11.6). Their presenting symptoms were melaena (62.8%), haematemesis (38.3%), and haematochezia (10.6%), with the cause of bleeding was gastric erosion (65.6%), duodenitis/duodenal ulcer (26.1%), and oesophagitis (7.8%). The mean GBS score was 10.7, and the number of RBC transfusion unit was 2.8. The Forrest Classification showed Forrest III (36.1%), Forrest IIc (22.8%), Forrest IIb and Ib (14.4%) respectively. Pearson’s Correlation showed a strong correlation between GBS and unit of RBC transfusion (r = 0.922, p-value <0.001). MLR analysis revealed haematochezia (p = 0.022) and higher GBS (p <0.001) were independent factors associated with a higher number of RBC transfusion unit. Conclusion: Haematochezia and higher GBS score were two predictive factors for a higher RBC transfusion unit in NVUGIB patients.

Obesity is thought to be a complicated, multifaceted chronic disease that results from the combination of environmental and genotypic variables. Implementing a wide strategy for obesity prevention and management is required given the variety and complexity of factors impacting obesity. Most healthcare practitioners use dietary therapies such calorie-restricted diets, Mediterranean diets, DASH diets, and intermittent fasting to encourage weight loss. Meal replacement products (MRPs) are used as part of a calorie restricted diet which helps to control our food choices and leads to calorie reduction. This article reviews the usage of MRP as a weight loss therapy and summarizes the literature about their effectiveness to reduce weight in patients with obesity. From the literature search, it can be concluded that MRPs contain a precise amount of macronutrients, micronutrients, and fiber to provide a nutritionally balanced meal. MRPs have been extensively studied as a weight loss therapy, and several scientific studies have confirmed their efficacy. The main ways that MRPs aid in weight loss are by reducing appetite and improving diet adherence, which makes it easier for individuals to stick to their diet plan and achieve their weight loss goals. Overall, MRPs should be considered as a viable treatment option for patients who are motivated to lose weight, as they offer a simple, convenient, and effective way to reduce calorie intake, improve diet adherence, and achieve sustainable weight loss. However, it is important to note that MRPs should be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss plan that includes regular physical activity and behavior modification strategies for long-term success.
Obesity

Introduction: ABO blood group can be associated with chronic diseases, for example, cancer and coronary heart disease, however it is not proven in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to identify the association between the ABO blood group and disease control among T2DM patients at Kepala Batas, Penang. Methods: Approximately two mL vials of fresh blood were collected and typed using the tube method from 129 T2DM and 132 non-diabetic (control) patients, who visited the specialist clinic. The sociodemographic characteristics of the T2DM patients was analysed using descriptive analysis. The proportions of A, B, AB, and O blood groups among the diabetic and control patients were compared using the chi-square test. Any association between the ABO blood group and disease control was identified using the bivariate correlation test. Results: No significant association was found between the ABO group and T2DM patients (p = 0.152) when compared with the control group. However, blood group B was the most frequent among T2DM patients (33.3%) compared to blood group O within the control group (36.4%). Negative associations were observed between the ABO blood group and BMI (r = 0.098, p = 0.268), as well as the HbA1C value (r = -0.065, p = 0.464). Conclusion: No association was found between the ABO blood group and the associated risk factors (BMI and HbA1C). However, individuals with blood group B and risk factors, such as older age group, obesity, and high HbA1C value (more than 7.0%), should be monitored.