The purposes of this study were to understand the sex role identity and the meaning in life(MIL) of matriarchs and analyze their relationships to offer basic data for effective nursing strategies for improving MIL. The data for this study was collected from the 10th of August to the 30th of November, 2000. The subjects were women registered in an occupational training program for unemployed matriarchs which is held in the Working Women's Center in Busan. The measurement tools of this study were MIL(unpublished)developed by researchers and sex role inventory designed by Kim Deuk Ran(1992). The results of this study were as follows: 1.Sex role identities of matriarchs were feminity 13.7%, masculinity 13.4%, androgyny 37.8% and undifferentiated 35.1%. 2. The mean MIL for matriarchs was 173.46+/-16.09. 3. The levels of MIL were 57.2% of the subjects felt a loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, 42.8% were in pursuit of meaning but had not discovered it completely and 6.0% felt they had established meaning in life. 4.There were significant differences in MIL levels, concurrent to 4 types of sex role identities(F=11.93, P=.000). And according to Scheffe's post test, between feminity and masculinity, feminity and androgyny, masculinity and the undifferentiated, androgyny and the undifferentiated, there were significant differences. From the results of this study, most matriarchs felt loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, and the group with masculine sex role identity had the highest level of MIL. In conclusion, the factors related to masculine sex role identity are necessary to develop nursing strategies for improving levels of MIL.
Busan ; Education ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Vacuum

PURPOSE: This study was to survey the university student's sex role identity type, sexual consciousness, sexual behaviors, and sexual impulse. METHODS: The subjects were 332 university students who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from May 22 to June 9, 2007. RESULTS: Difference of sex role identity type by gender was that the androgyny was the most prevalent. There was a difference in sex role identity type which was classified by gender. Boy students were high in undifferentiation, where as girl students were high in androgyny. In difference of sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors and sexual impulse by gender, it showed that boy students were higher girl students. Difference of sexual consciousness by sex role identity type was high in masculinity. CONCLUSION: To improve positively the attitudes to sexuality of students who have had undifferentiation type, it need to provide various sexual education and sexual counselling.
Consciousness ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexuality

PURPOSE: We investigated whether psychological factors could influence on the symptoms of chronic prostatitis based on general population that have not previously been examined or treated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August and November 2000, we randomly selected 100 male residents in the area of Chung-nam including Daejoen city. The participants completed self- administered questionnaires. Based on our inclusion criteria, 87 participants were included in this study. RESULTS: Scores of Beck Depression Inventory of participants with higher pain and urinary symptoms domain scores were significantly higher than those with lower pain and urinary symptoms domain scores of the National Institutes of Health-chronic prostatitis symptom index (p=0.001 and p=0.028, respectively). However, anxiety did not influence on the symptoms of chronic prostatitis based on the results of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Based on the results of Bem Sex Role Inventory, masculinity score of participants with higher urinary symptoms domain scores were significantly lower than those with lower urinary symptoms domain scores (p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that psychological problems may involve in an early stage of chronic prostatitis and have a causative role in chronic prostatitis.
Academies and Institutes ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Prostatitis* ; Psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study attempted to grasp the significance of high school boys smoking experiences, and to define its structure, then utilizing the results to create effective nursing intervention in order to protect students from smoking habit. METHOD: This study is based on a phenomenological approach. A group of eight male high school students who had experience in smoking were selected as the subject of this study. Intimate interview with participatory observation were carried out from them and the resulted data were analyzed by Giorgi's method as below. Result: The male high school students' smoking experiences were found to be a direct result from the environments around them and misty curiosity, masculinity, maintenance of close relations with peers, habitualness, stress relief, and concealment from the family. CONCLUSION: The result indicates that the male high school students' smoking, especially in an aspect from its starting point, motivational perspective, attitudes, and recent increasing rate of the juvenile smoking should be recognized as one of the problems that should be resolved. Concurrently, programs for preventing and quitting smoking should be started from the early stage of childhood as possible.
Adolescent ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify types and characteristics of gender role identity from the perspectives of nursing students who experience challenges and maladjustments that are distinct from students in other departments because nursing students have a curriculum that includes both academic courses and clinical practice. METHODS: Q Methodology was used to examine differences in the meaning of gender role identity among individual students. Data from 40 women nursing students, using 40 Q samples representing masculinity and femininity, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The participants' responses were classified into three types: 'Affectionate-sensitive type' represented by those who share traditional Korean feminine characteristics and are delicately sensitive. 'Affectionate-assertive type' represented by those who have strong characteristics of warm leaders, and are responsive and confident. 'Sensitive-expressive type' represented by those who are excellent in communication and have high empathic ability. CONCLUSION: Nursing professors or counselors need to provide nursing students with guidance and counseling related to adaptation to school life, career exploration, and career choice based on the their type of gender role identity.
Career Choice ; Counseling ; Curriculum ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Methods* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. METHOD: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature (2.76+/-.97), anxiety (2.76+/-1.09), and impulsivity (2.72+/-1.02). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). CONCLUSION: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.
Anxiety ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Masculinity ; Menarche ; Premenstrual Syndrome* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify gender role identity and stereotypes and to explore the relationship between gender role identity and stereotype among college students. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 245 college students in Daegu. Each participant was administered the KGRII of Lee, Kim, Koh(2002) and Sex Stereotype scales modified by Kim, Dongil(1999). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, x2-test, Sheffe test with SPSS 11.0 PC Program. RESULT: 1. For male students, masculinity type(32.4%) was most prevalent but for female students, feminity type (29.3%) was most common. 2. Female students were inclined to oppose traditional sex-role rather than male students. And the over 23 years old group tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than other aged group. 3. The Androginy typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with undifferentiated typed group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that gender role identity and sex stereotype were difference in sex and age. And the androgyny typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with other gender role identity typed group.
Daegu ; Female ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Weights and Measures ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. METHOD: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. CONCLUSION: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.
Education, Nursing ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex role identity and family group characteristics among university students. METHOD: The participants of the study were 325 university students at S university in Seoul from September 1st to 30th, 2001 and from September 1st to 30th, 2003. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, sex role identity scale, and family group characteristics type scale. Data were analyzed by frequency, means, t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation in the SPSS Win Program. RESULT: In this study, there was a high prevalence of androgyny to female(31.9%) and masculinity to male(39.4%) university students. There was a significant difference between male and female students in sex role identity(p=.000). "Family concord" indicated a high mean score of family group characteristics (4.71+/-.80). There were significant differences between family group characteristics and masculinity and femininity type. CONCLUSION: There is a high relationship between family group characteristics and sex role identities of university students. It is necessary to explore the varied aspects of the androgyny concept, and further research is needed on factors of family group characteristics.
Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

In the binary of gender, women and femininity came to be associated with motherhood, nurturing, and beauty whilst men and masculinity were associated with productivity, protection, and strength. No longer are we to systematically categorize an individual's gender in terms of polar opposite of femininity and masculinity, but instead we must acknowledge all that resides in between those two poles and allow for identity terms that best express their sense of self. The term ‘transgender has become an umbrella term for a broader and more encompassing array of gender narratives outside of the binary norm of gender. Gender dysphoria is managed and treatable through psychotherapy and through the social and medical transition of gender. The support of transgender individuals' preferred gender through social acknowledgment, gender expression, hormone therapy, and surgery has been proven to alleviate symptoms of gender dysphoria in transgender people, enabling them to incorporate back into society.
Beauty ; Efficiency ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Dysphoria ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Psychotherapy ; Transgender Persons*