Sho-syndrome was analyzed by cluster analysis of answers to a set of questionnaire presented to first-visit patients at a hospital of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) medicine. The answers from 270 new patients were classified into 3 groups by hierarchical cluster analysis, with a total of 202 non-female related items. We looked at which Sho-syndromes of metabolic (Mb: “Kan-” _??_-), gastrointestinal (Gi: “Hi” _??_-), respiratory (Rp: “Hai-” _??_-), or water and mineral-balance (Wm: “Zin-” _??_-) deficiency (“Kyo” _??_) disorders were included, in one of the groups at high frequencies. Water and mineral-balance deficiency disorders were in Group II and III, while metabolic deficiency disorders were in Group III. We conclude that the results of this analysis support the rationale for the empirical determination of Sho-syndrome, in addition to pulse diagnosis by Kampo-clinicians who examine patients.

Recent studies showed that high biocompatibility and reduction of uremic toxin contributed to the improvement of freatment outcome in hemodialysis patients.Therefore, a high-flux membrane dialyzer, especially polysulfone (PS) membrane, was generally used in dialysis. However, it was suggested that the higher efficiency of reduction in uremic toxins might cause an increase in the albumin leakage through the dialyzer membrane during dialysis, resulting in a decrease in serum albumin concentration. In this study, we used two different dialyzer membranes with high biocompatibility, namely, ethylenevinylalcohol (EVAL) membrane and improved PS membrane with a very lower leakage of serum albumin. After using these two types of mambrane of six straight months, we examined the effect of each dialyzer membrane characteristic on the serum total protein and albumin concentration. The reduction rates of each uremic solute and serum total protein concentration were significantly higher. The serum albumin concentration and its rate of change with the passing of time tended to increase in the case of the PS membrane. But in the case of EVAL membrane, these values tended to decrease. These results suggested that the differences in the changes in the serum total protein and albumin concentration might result from the differences in the efficiency of the reduction of uremic toxins. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the usage of the dialyzer membrane with a higher reduction of uremic solutes and a lower leakage of serum albumin to add to the higher biocompatibility specially in hemodialysis patients with hypoproteinemia.
Membranes ; Concentration ; Reduction (chemical) ; Serum Albumin ; Hemodialysis

To restore gait function in paraplegic patients, hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses are available. Orthoses maintain patient stability when standing and walking by restricting the degree of freedom the lower extremity joints. The disadvantages of orthoses include difficulties in standing and sitting movements, and the large burden placed on the upper extremities in walking. Usage of orthoses in daily living was therefore restricted. We are developing a gait assist robot, which we named WPAL (Wearable Power-Assist Locomotor). WPAL has a high degree of freedom and internal power for flexion-extension direction in each hip, knee, ankle joint. We compared WPAL with the conventional Primewalk orthosis as a preliminary investigation. (1) We compared independent standing ability and walking distance of a walker in WPAL and Primewalk orthosis. All three subjects achieved an independent level in standing and walking in WPAL, despite these users requiring assistance when using the Primewalk. Walking distances with the WPAL were several times greater when compared to walking distance with the Primewalk. (2) We performed a single case study using the patient who made the most entries into WPAL exercise. We compared heart rate, physiological cost index (PCI), modified Borg scale, lateral sway of trunk in 6 minutes walking on treadmill. His heart rate, PCI, and modified Borg scale were significantly lower and lateral sway was significantly smaller in WPAL gait. WPAL which has degree of freedom and internal power in the lower extremities is considered a step toward practical powered orthoses use in gait reconstruction for spinal cord injuries.

A 47-year-old male complaining of dyspnea and fever was admitted to our hospital and regurgitation of the aortic and mitral valves with mitral valve aneurysm due to infective endcarditis was diagnosed. The non-coronary and the right coronary cusps of the aortic valve had amount of vegetations, and also the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve had an aneurysm with vegetations. Both aortic and mitral valve replacement were performed. The postoperative clinical course was uneventful.

From April 1990 to August 1995, 44 consecutive patients (25 males and 19 females; mean age, 63 years) who underwent surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection, were studied to examine surgical results and postoperative quality of life (QOL). Ascending aortic replacement was performed in 22 patients and simultaneous replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch in 22. The postoperative 30-day survival rate was 84% (37/44). Univariate analysis revealed that operation time (p<0.01), postoperative cardiac failure (p<0.02), respiratory failure (p<0.01), severe brain damage (p<0.01), and intestinal ischemia (p<0.02) were significant factors in increased operative mortality risk. Additional operative procedure was also a significant factor (p<0.05) all 3 patients with coronary artery bypass grafting died, while all 5 patients with the Bentall or Cabrol procedure lived. The factors which influenced postoperative QOL were preoperative renal damage (p<0.05), history of cerebral vascular disease (p<0.02), shock (p<0.02), postoperative renal failure (p<0.02), paraplegia (p<0.02), and residual dissection (p<0.02). The operation method, which was replacement of the ascending aorta or simultaneous replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch, had no influence on postoperative QOL. Five of 22 patients receiving ascending aorta replacement had dissection only in the ascending aorta (localized type). The other 17 patients receiving ascending aorta replacement had dissections extending to the arch or descending aorta. The incidence of complications due to residual dissection was 5/17 (29%) in cases of replacement of the ascending aorta for type A aortic dissection, while it was 1/22 (5%) in cases of replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch (p=0.0684). Simultaneous replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch did not negatively affect the surgical results and postoperative QOL more than replacement of the ascending aorta, and there was lower incidence of postoperative complications due to residual dissection. If Stanford type A aortic dissection extends to the arch, simultaneous replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch is recommended.

Objective: To identify candidate predictors for the prognosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) lesions and evaluate the prognostic value of the local immune response. Methods: One hundred fifteen CIN2 patients were enrolled. The percentage of p16-, minichromosome maintenance complex component 2- or apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3G (APOBEC3G)-positive cells was determined immunohistochemically. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in intertumoral lesions were scored using an automated system. CIN3 disease progression and regression rates were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. A case-control study was conducted to screen CIN2 prognostic factors in 10 regression and 10 progression patients. Selected factors were examined in a cohort study to determine their prognostic value for CIN2. Results: Among all participants, the cumulative progression and regression rates at 60 months were 0.477 and 0.510, respectively. In the case-control study, p16- and APOBEC3G-positive cells were higher in the progression group (p=0.043, p=0.023). Additionally, CD4+ cell infiltration was enhanced in the regression group (p=0.023). The cohort study revealed a significantly increased progression rate in patients with elevated p16-positive cells (p<0.001), and increased CD4+ TIL infiltration was associated with better regression (p=0.011). Kaplan–Meier analysis according to human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity revealed a greater CIN3 development risk in HPV16-positive patients than in HPV16-negative cases. Finally, multivariate analysis identified HPV16 infection and CD4+ TIL infiltration as independent prognostic factors in CIN2 regression. Conclusion CD4+ TIL infiltration in intertumoral lesions was related with CIN2 regression. Our findings suggest CD4+ TIL infiltration may be useful for the triage of CIN2 patients.