AIM: To evaluate Orbscan II corneal topography in hyperopic cases.METHODS: A retrospective, observational, consecutive, clinical case series in two hundred and ninety five eyes of hyperopic patients who undergo a LASIK evaluation. The information that was reviewed included age and sex of the patients and the Orbscan II corneal topographic maps. Refractive powers and the following test indices produced by Orbscan II were analyzed: keratometry, corneal diameter, pupil diameter and anterior chamber depth. RESULTS: The total mean corneal thickness was 546.3±35.5μm.It was found ; 547.3±38.4μm in 17-29 years old, 553.4±38.3μm in 30-44 years old and 546.2±29.3μm in older than 45 years old .The mean corneal thickness was found 551.5±35.9μm in female, and 542.6±34.7μm in male. The total mean depth of anterior chamber was 2.57±0.40mm and in 17-29 years old patients was 2.82±0.39mm. In 30-44 years old patients was 2.49±0.39mm and in patients older than 45 years old was 2.37±0.40mm. The mean depth of anterior chamber was 2.53±0.40mm in female and 2.60±0.40mm in male. A reverse significant relation between corneal thickness and keratometry were found. Refractive error severity had a reverse correlation with depth of anterior chamber and a correlation with keratometry (P=0.061,r=0.108).Corneal thickness had a reverse correlation with keratometry (P=0.005,r=0.160), and correlation with pupil diameter (P=0.013, r=0.144).CONCLUSION: This study provides a description and analysis of Orbscan II findings in hyperopic patients. These show mean corneal thickness 546.3±35.5μm and anterior chamber depth 2.57±0.40mm in hyperopic patients.

AIM: To determine ocular motor nerve palsy in patients with head trauma.METHODS: There were three hundred admitted cases of head trauma in neurosurgery department of Shahid Rahnemon Hospital from March 2006 to September 2006. Data were collected with ophthalmic examinations, filled in questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software statistically including Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.RESULTS: A total of 300 patients were reviewed, 242 (81.1%) men and 58 (18.9%) women. Their age ranged from 1 to 87 years (mean of 46 years). Accident and fall were the most common causes of head trauma, occurring in 247 (82.3%) patients and most of patients had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 13-15(82.3%). The most cerebral lesion was subdural and subarachnoid hematoma. Isolated trochlear and abducens nerve palsy (28.6%), isolated oculomotor nerve and combined nerve palsies (combination of 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, 14.3%) were the most affected nerves.CONCLUSION: Although the cranial nerve palsy is rare with minor head trauma, according to their observation in emergency room, neuroophtalmic examination is advised.

AIM: To describe the involvement in relatives of kera-toconus (KCN) patients with corneal topography map. METHODS: A total of 300 eyes of 150 siblings of 75 KCN patients referred to corneal clinic were studied and experienced complete slit-lamp, refraction examinations and topographic cornea maps provided by videophoto-keratography. ANOVA, Fisher exact and Chi-square tests were performed to compare the results.RESULTS: From 150 siblings, 56% were female and 44% were male with average age of 21 (range of 15-39) years old. KCN and suspect KCN diagnosed in 12.3% and 6.6% respectively. The central keratometry (CK) was 46.50±4.51 dioptr(D) in KCN and 45.66±1.52 (D) in suspect KCN. Inferior-superior value (I-S) was 3.51±2.50(D) in KCN and 1.56±1.22 (D) in suspect KCN. In KCN condition the oval pattern was 67.6% (n=25) and round pattern detected was 32.4% (n=12). In suspect KCN these patterns detected were 90% and 10% respectively. Refractive errors in KCN were -7.50 to +1.25D(-1.25±1.83), in suspect KCN 0.45 to -4.2D(-0.68±0.76) and in healthy group 2.75 to -7.5D(-0.6±1.12). Astigmatism was mild in 22.7%, moderate astigmatism in 18.3% in KCN and suspect KCN.CONCLUSION: Increase KCN condition in healthy siblings of KCN patients shows require of screening to early diagnose and cautious treatment of contact lens in these individuals.

· AIM: To investigate the conditions of traumatic visual loss of inpatients in Yazd, Iran from 2005 to 2006, and to explore the possible causes and preventive methods. · METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on all patients with eye injuries (70 cases) hospitalized at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital between August 2005 and August 2006, including age, gender, causes, type of injury, time of initial treatment, visual acuity during admission and discharge, surgical procedures, and final outcome. Furthermore, standardized international classifi-cation of ocular trauma (Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology) was used for eye injury categorization. · RESULTS: A total of 70 inpatients with ocular injuries were selected by simple approach. The male/female ratio was 2.8 to 1. The most frequent causes of eye injury were metallic objects (34.3%) especially in age group of ≤ 10 and ≥ 30 years old, accidents (22. 8%) and assaults (17.2%). Waiting time to initial treatment was 6-24 hours in most cases (51.4%). Trauma was blunt in 38.6% and penetrating in 61.4%. The most and the least final visual acuity in blunt and penetrating trauma was LP (51.8%, 41.8%) and HM (7.5%, 4. 7%) respectively. Surgery outcome was globe saving with acceptable visual acuity in72.9% and enucleation in 24.2%. · CONCLUSION: With regard to the high incidence of ocular trauma and consequent severe visual loss, parents' attention, eye safety protection and early treatment should be considered as final preserving globe in most accidents.

AIM: To determine the frequency of HIV-related ocular involvement and to describe the characteristics of involvement in a special clinic in Tehran.METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 141 patients (125 male and 16 female, 282 eyes) of HIV-infected patients with various stages of HIV infection that were referred to Center of behavioral diseases were evaluated during a period of 7 months. Every patient had a complete profile including demographic data, method of HIV transmission, recent CD4 T cell lymphocyte count, serological studies for common sexual or blood-born viruses and toxoplasmosis, history of antiretroviral therapy, and associated systemic disease. RESULTS: A total of 141 patients were evaluated. HIV-related ocular involvement was detected in 15 patients (10.6%), including 3 mycobacterium tuberculosis-related choroiditis, 2 cytomegalovirus retinitis, 2 retinal toxoplasmosis, 2 herpes simplex virus-related lesions, 1 HIV-associated retinopathy, 1 herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 1 undetermined vitritis, and 3 cases of cranial nerve involvement including 2 cases of gaze palsy and 1 case of papilitis. In our study, mean CD4 T cell lymphocyte count was fewer in patients with ocular involvement than in patients without ocular involvement (204.7±123.8 vs 403.7±339.7, P=0.029), but there was no difference in other possible associated factors between two groups.lesions are the most common HIV-related ocular involvements in Tehran that is different from those of recent publications in developed countries.