Background: Intra-abdominal adhesions are fibrous bands that develop after abdominal surgery or inflammation and cause mortality and morbidity following surgeries. This study aimed to assess the effects of bupivacaine, saline and two doses of lidocaine, after peritoneal lavage and to compare their effects in reducing abdominal adhesions in rat. Methods: In a blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 50 female rats were anaesthetised and the parietal peritoneum was scratched to induce punctate bleeding. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups: saline, lidocaine 2% (3 and 6 mg/kg), bupivacaine 0.25% (2 mg/kg) and control (no irrigation). The peritoneal cavity was irrigated with the appropriate solution during laparotomy. Two weeks later, re-laparotomy was performed. The quantity, quality, severity and scores of adhesions were recorded and compared. Results: The quantity and quality of adhesions were significantly higher in the control group than in the lidocaine (6 mg/kg) and bupivacaine groups. The quality of the adhesions was higher in the normal saline group than in the lidocaine (6 mg/kg) and bupivacaine groups. The severity of adhesions between the lidocaine 3 and 6 mg/kg groups and between the lidocaine 3 mg/ kg and saline groups was lower than that in the control group. Conclusion: Using lidocaine (6 mg/kg) and bupivacaine lavage in first laparotomy reduces abdominal peritoneal obstruction because of the formation of adhesion bands.

The aim of medical education is to teach the essence of practical skills alongside with the theoretical knowledge. Teaching anatomy, as the center of medical education, should be leading to use this knowledge as a skill during clinical period. According to the rising numbers of dentistry faculties' experiences, inappropriate education results in misguidance during clinic. Thus, this study was conducted to find about the pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' points of view on the helpfulness of anatomy classes in achieving clinical goals. Present descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated Guilan University of Medical Sciences' pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' opinions on the effectiveness of anatomy classes during their clinical period in 2017. The sampling method used here was census via questionnaire and scoring was according to Likert scaling system. Analyses showed that anatomy of the nervous system was the most assistive course, which helped dentistry students during their clinical period (P<0.001). The least scored course was visceral organs and that means they did not use most of their learnings from classes with this topic (P<0.001). They also stated that other important factors such as using cadavers and moulages in practical sessions, teaching clinical skills theoretically before practical sessions and performing group activities are crucial for them to recall important details of the relevant courses during clinical period. Results of this study suggests that alongside with the various topics of anatomy courses, other factors like professors' characteristics and their teaching methods are also of important factors helping the dentistry students throughout clinic.
Cadaver ; Censuses ; Clinical Competence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dentistry* ; Education ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Learning* ; Methods ; Models, Anatomic ; Nervous System ; Teaching

Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmentally-available pollutant. Since the liver acts as a detoxifier in the human body, it is the first and most affected organ in individuals exposed to higher-than-normal amounts of FA. FA mainly alters oxidant/antioxidant status and initiates oxidative stress, and by means, causes functional damage to the liver. Thus, it is important to identify natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties in order to be used as food additives. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a popular flavor and also a medicinal plant with a variety of beneficial effects. In the present original study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has been administrated at doses of 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg, orally, to hepatotoxicity rat models caused by FA (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Liver enzymes and its histology were assessed and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue were also examined. CEO administration caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and a prominent decrease in nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Also, in serum samples, CEO significantly reduced the elevated amounts of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. When assessed histologically, portal area and central vein fibrosis alongside with the hepatocytes' hypereosinophilia and swelling, focal inflammation, and necrotic areas were found to be prominently decreased in the CEO group. In conclusion, our study suggested that the CEO may have the potential for being used against FA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Alanine Transaminase ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Biomarkers ; Catalase ; Cinnamomum zeylanicum ; Cinnamomum ; Fibrosis ; Food Additives ; Formaldehyde ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Human Body ; Inflammation ; Liver ; Models, Animal ; Nitric Oxide ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Plants, Medicinal ; Rats ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Veins

Objective: To evaluate the biomarkers of oxidative stress in herpes zoster patients compared with control subjects. Methods: This study compared the nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H