Objective To study the effect of clopidogrel on intimal hyperplasia of rabit arta injured by balloon and its mechanism.Methods Twelve New Zealand rabbits were established as atherosclerosis plaques rupture models and were evenly divided in to the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group.Another 6 rabbits were set as the control.Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were taken in the beginning,before and after surgery.Meansurement alsincluded the changes in macrophage count and collagen levels in the plaques,changes of plasma fibrinogen and P-selectin levels as well as changes in activity of t-PA and PAI-1.The changes of intima thickness and the degree of stenosis were recorded.Results Compared to the control group,the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group had higher average macrophages count and collagen levels in the plaques.The clopidogrel group had less macrophages count in the plaques than the high-cholesterol group;however,the clopidogrel group had higher levels of collagen in the plaques than the high-cholesterol group.The plasma level of P-selectin reduced in the clopidogrel group after plaques rupture.The activity of t-PA remained uncharged in the clopidogrel group but increased in the high cholesterol group.Compared to pre-treatment level,the activity of PAI-1 increased in the high-cholesterol group but reduced in the clopidogrel groups after atherosclerosis plaques rupture.The thickness of vessel intima increased in both the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group,however,the degree of intima thickening and vessel stenosis is less in the clopidogrel group compared to the high-cholesterol group.Conclusion Clopidogrel relieves inflammation reaction by inhibitting thrombogenesis and the movement of macrophages in atherosclerosis plaques,thus minimizes the degree atherosclerosis and vessel intima hyperplasia.

The gut microbiota of intensive care unit (ICU) patients displays extreme dysbiosis asso-ciated with increased susceptibility to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. However, such dysbio-sis is difficult to characterize owing to the high dimensional complexity of the gut microbiota. We tested whether the concept of enterotype can be applied to the gut microbiota of ICU patients to describe the dysbiosis. We collected 131 fecal samples from 64 ICU patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to dissect their gut microbiota compo-sitions. During the development of sepsis or septic shock and during various medical treatments, the ICU patients always exhibited two dysbiotic microbiota patterns, or ICU-enterotypes, which could not be explained by host properties such as age, sex, and body mass index, or external stressors such as infection site and antibiotic use. ICU-enterotype I (ICU E1) comprised predominantly Bac-teroides and an unclassified genus of Enterobacteriaceae, while ICU-enterotype Ⅱ(ICU E2) com-prised predominantly Enterococcus. Among more critically ill patients with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) scores > 18, septic shock was more likely to occur with ICU E1 (P = 0.041). Additionally, ICU E1 was correlated with high serum lactate levels (P = 0.007). Therefore, different patterns of dysbiosis were correlated with different clinicaloutcomes, suggesting that ICU-enterotypes should be diagnosed as independent clinical indices. Thus, the microbial-based human index classifier we propose is precise and effective for timely mon-itoring of ICU-enterotypes of individual patients. This work is a first step toward precision medicine for septic patients based on their gut microbiota profiles.

Agricultural activities, including stock-farming, planting industry, and fish aquaculture, can affect the physicochemical and biological characters of freshwater lakes. However, the effects of pollution producing by agricultural activities on microbial ecosystem of lakes remain unclear. Hence, in this work, we selected Honghu Lake as a typical lake that is influenced by agriculture activities. We collected water and sediment samples from 18 sites, which span a wide range of areas from impacted and less-impacted areas. We performed a geospatial analysis on the composition of microbial communities associated with physicochemical properties and antibiotic pollution of samples. The co-occurrence networks of water and sediment were also built and analyzed. Our results showed that the microbial communities of impacted and less-impacted samples of water were largely driven by the concentrations of TN, TP, NO-N, and NO-N, while those of sediment were affected by the concentrations of Sed-OM and Sed-TN. Antibiotics have also played important roles in shaping these microbial communities: the concentrations of oxytetracycline and tetracycline clearly reflected the variance in taxonomic diversity and predicted functional diversity between impacted and less-impacted sites in water and sediment samples, respectively. Furthermore, for samples from both water and sediment, large differences of network topology structures between impacted and less-impacted were also observed. Our results provide compelling evidence that the microbial community can be used as a sentinel of eutrophication and antibiotics pollution risk associated with agricultural activity; and that proper monitoring of this environment is vital to maintain a sustainable environment in Honghu Lake.
Agriculture ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; analysis ; China ; Eutrophication ; Geologic Sediments ; chemistry ; microbiology ; Lakes ; chemistry ; microbiology ; Microbiota ; Risk Factors ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; analysis