Microorganism distributes in the organs of human body which connect with external environment, especially those organs in the gastrointestinal tracts, and it also plays a fundamental role in the physiopathology of the host's body. Because the microorganism is very small and has a great variety, it is difficult to reveal the significance of microorganism in the human physiopathology comprehensively and deeply. With the development of molecular biology, genomics, bioinformatics and other disciplines, the microbiome research will be more possible and easier. There are two key contents of microecology. One of these is to identify and quantify the diversity of microorganism, and the other is to reveal activity and the physiopathological function of microorganism in the host. Microbiome research methods, therefore, can be summarized as the traditional detection methods, construction of gene library, the genetic fingerprint analysis and molecular hybridization techniques and so on.
Computational Biology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; microbiology ; Humans

objective To determine the relationship between immunohistochemical stain assay of liver tissue and prognosis of viral hepatitis.Methods 132 patients with chronic hepatitis B diagnosed 6 to 8 years ago by liver biopsy had been followed up by the retrospective and prospective study.The serum hepatitis B virus markers(HBVm)?alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)?Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase(AST)have been detected and B-scan ultrasound of liver and spleen have performed when they stayed at hospital and during follow-up-time,their symptom and physical sign have been recorded simultaneously.Results 4 of 104(3 85%) patients died of cirrhosis;of 100 survival patients,2 patients(2%,2/100) were typical cirrhosis and 16 (16%,16/100) patients were early stage cirrhosis and parenchyma of liver diffuse lesion diagnosed by ultrasound.The serum ALT of patients whose HBcAg and HBsAg were positive in liver tissue was easier fluctuation than those of negative case.Conclusion The status of patients with HBsAg and HBcAg positive in liver tissue is easier fluctuation than those negative,HBsAg and HBcAg positive in liver tissue maybe have no effect on the prognosis of the chronic hepatitis B.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical classification ,laboratory and imageological examinations of Wil‐son′s disease for strengthening the cognition on this disease and increasing the diagnosis rate .Methods The clinical data of the pa‐tients with WD in our hospital from January 2011 to September 2014 ,were collected and performed the statistical analysis .Results Among different ages ,nationalities and genders of WD patients ,first onset age ,clinical classification and laboratory examination had some difference ,the average age of first onset in male WD patients was earlier than that in female WD patients ,the low density shadow change of nervous type WD existed in MRI .Conclusion Heredity is not a unique factor affecting WD ,gender ,age and na‐tionality may be one of factors affecting the first onset age and clinical symptoms in the WD patients .

Objective Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT) is the most common partial epilepsy syndrome in children, and responds well to carbamazepine (CBZ), oxcarbazepine (OXC), and valproic acid (VPA). The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of OXC on BECT. Methods We retrospectively discussed a case of partial epilepsy in a 6-year-old boy with no abnormality on neuroradiologic examination. Results The patient′s seizures were easily controlled by administration of OXC, but electroencephalography (EEG) identified deterioration of the EEG features following the introduction of OXC monotherapy. Then OXC was gradually decreased in dose and substituted with VPA. When VPA was increased to the dose of 0.5g/d, the boy had no more seizures and exhibited normal EEG in the conscious state. Conclusion OXC may induce new types of seizure and aggravate EEG features although it is considered to be the first-line anti-epileptic drug (AED) and much better tolerated than either phenytoin or CBZ.

Objective To investigate the effect of Th1/Th2 cytokines and immune state on the occurrence and familial aggregation of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods Ninety-five members whose families have had two or even more HCC patients(high-occurrence families) were selected as the case group,by matching with the same nationality,gender,residential area,age±5 years old,95 members whose families had no any cancer were selected as the control.The level of peripheral blood Th1 type cytokines such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2) and Th2 type cytokines such as interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10 (IL-10) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results There was a Th1/Th2 serum cytokine imbalance profile in members of HCC high-occurrence family.The levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly lower in members of HCC high-occurrence family than that of the controls.The levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were higher in members of HCC high-occurrence family than that of the controls.Conclusion There was a poor cellular immune state in members of HCC in the high-occurrence families.Th1 type cytokines was inhibited,and Th2 type cytokines was enhanced,so more susceptible to HBV chronic infection.It might be the mechanism of HCC occurrence and familial aggregation.

Objective:To investigate the effect of HLA-DRB1*07,13 allelic genes on the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination.Methods:896 healthy college students of Han nationality from Guangxi province,who had received standard courses of vaccination with recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine,were tested the level of anti-HBs with ELISA method at the sixth month after their last vaccination.The non- or hypo-responders were selected to receive another 20 μg doses of recombinant vaccine and were examined anti-HBs once more four weeks later.99 non- or hypo-responders and 136 medium or hyper-responders were selected for the study subjects.HLA-DRB1*07,13 allelic genes of the subjects were detected by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method.Results:The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*07 gene in the non- or hypo-responders group were significantly higher than that in the medium or hyper-responder group (16.16% vs 4.41%,P＜0.05). No significant difference of HLA-DRB1*13 gene between the two groups (1.01% vs 3.68%,P=0.389).Conclusion:There is a close relationship between the expression of HLA-DRB1*07 gene and the non- or hypo-response to HB vaccine;No relationship between HLA-DRB1*13 gene expression and the response to HB vaccine is found.

The protection of recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy has been a research topic for clinicians. High-risk thyroidectomy is an operation with high rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury which including thyroid reoperation, giant goiter surgery, substernal goiter surgery, dorsal thyroid tumor surgey and thyroid malignancy surgery and so on. The application value of three kinds of laryngeal recurrent nerve protection techniques during high-risk thyroidectomy will be reviewed in this article, such as visualization alone, intraoperative nerve monitoring and continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring.

Objective To explore the characteristics of opportunistic infections(OIs)in HIV-infected indi-viduals with suboptimal immune reconstitution after ART treatment so as to provide a reference for preventing and managing HIV infections.Methods The clinical data including opportunistic infections specifically were acquired from 112 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune reconstitution from the outpatient department of Wuming Hospital,Guangxi Medical University.The impact of baseline CD4+T lymphocyte counts on the incidence,type,and mixed infection rates of the opportunistic infections were analyzed.Results The opportunistic infection rate among the 112 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune reconstitution was 42.86%,among which fungal infections were the most commonly seen.The opportunistic infection rate of the patients with a baseline of CD4+T lymphocyte counts≤50/μL was significantly higher than that of the patients with a baseline of CD4+T lymphocyte counts>50/μL,and there was no significant difference in the type of opportunistic infections as well as the rate of mixed infections.Conclusion HIV-infected people with suboptimal immune reconstitution in Guangxi are susceptible to HIV OIs.Among them,the group with a baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte counts≤50/μL has a higher rate of OIs,mainly fungal infections.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a serious complication of thyroidectomy. Intraoperative neuro-monitoring(IONM) is a technology for identifying the integrity of nerves during operation by electrophysiological means, which included the intermitted IONM and the continuous IONM.This paper aims to compare the superiorities and defects of both IONM methods and summarize the current state and progress of IONM.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ( KIR) genes and immune reconstitution failure in human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients after anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Methods:HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART for ≥1 year who attended the AIDS outpatient clinics of Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and People′s Hospital of Mashan from May 2007 to December 2019 were included. Patients were divided into immune reconstitution failure group and full immune reconstitution group. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) was used to detect KIR genotypes in all subjects, and the genotype frequency (PF) of 16 KIR genotypes was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between KIR genotypes and immune reconstitution failure.Results:There were 102 patients with HIV/AIDS, including 44 immunological non-responders and 58 immunological responders. The PF of KIR2 DL5 in immune reconstitution failure group was 59.09%(26/44), which was higher than 36.21%(21/58) in full immune reconstitution group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=5.27, P=0.022). Multivariate logistics regression analysis showed that KIR2 DL5 was associated with immune reconstitution failure when adjusted for age and baseline CD4 + T cell count. Positive expression of KIR2 DL5 may be a risk factor for immune reconstitution failure (adjusted odds ratio (a OR)=2.431, 95% confidence interval 1.012 to 5.844, P=0.047). Conclusions:Positive expression of KIR2 DL5 may be related to immune reconstitution failure in HIV/AIDS patients after ART.