ObjectiveTo compare of the thickness of left ventricular wall of Ang Ⅱ induced cardiac hypertrophy model in both TR3 konock-out C57BL/6 mice (TR3-/- mice) and wild type C57BL/6 mice (TR3+/+ mice) by high frequency ultrasound,combined with experimental research to discuss if TR3 take part in the process of cardiac hypertrophy.Methods26 TR3 -/- mice and 33 TR3 +/+ mice were randomized to 2 groups respectively:TR3+/+ + AngⅡ group (27 mice),TR3+/+ + PBS group(6 mice),TR3-/- + Ang Ⅱ group(20 mice),TR3-/- + PBS group(6 mice).Micro-pumps with AngⅡ or PBS were placed into the subcutaneous tissue of mice to construct hypertension model in 4 weeks.Interventricular septum enddiastolic thickness (IVSd) and left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness (LVPWd) were measured by echocardiography 2 days before operation and every week after operation until 4 weeks.Then,mice were killed and mice cardiomyocytes were isolated and detected in lab (HE dyeing test,Western blotting).Results①Echocardiography:before operation,IVSd and LVPWd was not statistically different between TR3+/+ group and TR3-/- group( P ＞0.05).1 - 2 weeks after operation,IVSd and LVPWd had peaked in both TR3-/- + Ang Ⅱ group and TR3 +/+ + Ang Ⅱ group,IVSd and LVPWd in TR3 +/+ + Ang Ⅱgroup were significantly thicker than control group (TR3 +/+ + PBS group) ( P ＜0.05),IVSd and LVPWd in TR3-/-+ AngⅡ group were slightly thicker than control group (TR3-/- + PBS group) ( P ＜0.05).Compared with TR3-/- + Ang Ⅱ group,IVSd and LVPWd in TR3+/+ + Ang Ⅱ group were markedly increased( P ＜0.05).After 4 weeks operation,IVSd and LVPWd of all 4 groups were not statistically different than that in the 2nd week.②HE dyeing test:The cell size of cardiomyocytes in TR3+/+ mice increased significantly after Ang Ⅱ treatment,while TR3-/- mice did not.③ Western blotting:Ang Ⅱ promoted TR3 expressions in TR3 +/+ mice( P ＜0.05).ConclusionsTR3 do take part in the process of Ang Ⅱ induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice and it is a key factor in this process.

Objective To study the quantitative analysis of myocardial reperfusion after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in patients with coronary diseases. Methods The contrast agent of SonoVue via vein route using contrast pulse sequencing (CPS)MCE were performed in 15 patients with coronary diseases before and after the PCI. The intensity of amplitude (A) ,slope(β), A ×β, the contrast arrival times (AT) and the arrival peak times (TTP) were calculated with the autotracking contrast quantification software. Results Clear images of the left ventricle were well displayed in all the patients. There were satisfied images in the normal perfusion area of the myocardium,but not in the abnormal. AT,TTP and A ×β were significantly different between the abnormal and the normal perfusion area ( P ＜0. 05). The myocardial reperfusion significantly increased in the group that the coronary stenosis was greater than 70% after PCI( P ＜0. 05). There was no change in the group that the coronary stenosis was less than 70% ( P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions PCI can efficiently improve the myocardial microcirculation. MCE can accurately, rapidly, and efficiently reveal the reperfusion status of myocardium after PCI.

Objective To study the relationship between ischemic mitral regurgitation and geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets in patients with coronary artery disease and papillary muscle dysfunction by transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) ,and to evaluate anatomy and pathophysiology mechanicm of the ischemic mitral regurgitation with left ventricular papillary muscle dysfunction .Methods A total of 84 subjects were enrolled in this study .All of the subjects were divided into group A (healthy volunteers constituted the control group ,n =40) ,group B (chronic inferior or posterior myocardial infarction patients with papillary muscle dysfunction group ,n =44) ,group C(patients from group B after mitral valvuloplasty surgery ,n = 20) .The relationship between mitral regurgitation and geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral annulus were studied by TEE .Results Geometric angle between the mitral valve leaflets and mitral annulus were significantly larger in group B ,and geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral annulus was positive correlated with degree of mitral regurgitation .Degree of mitral regurgitation significantly reduced in group C ,no significant difference was found at the geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral valve annular compared with group A .Conclusions The degree of mitral regurgitation were highly correlated with geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral valve annular in patients with left ventricular papillary muscle dysfunction caused by coronary heart disease .Repair of the mitral valve leaflets surgery can significantly reduce geometric angles of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral valve annular ,and reduce the degree of mitral regurgitation significantly .

Objective To evaluate the immediate effect of percutaneous ventricular restoration (PVR) using the PARACHUTE system in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with apical aneurysm.Methods The study included 25 patients who received PARACHUTE partitioning device (PVD) implantation in the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital between January 2015 to December 2016.Invasive left ventricular hemodynamic assessments as well as cardiac output and cardiac output index were analyzed.Results Twenty-five patients [mean age (65.4±11.9) years] suffered from left ventricular aneurysm and heart failure patients after anterior myocardial infarction were enrolled.Ventricular partitioning device implantation was successful in 24/25 (96.0%) patients.PVR was failed in 1 patient due to unable to land the PVD in a satisfactory location.After implantation, a significant increase in cardiac output [(3.83±0.72) L/min vs.(4.85±0.93) L/min, P<0.01] and cardiac index [(2.32±0.74) L/(min·m2) vs.(2.90±0.82) L/(min·m2), P<0.01] was found.Conclusions Our preliminary experience on percutaneous ventricular restoration using PARACHUTE system demonstrates its feasibility and safety with increase in cardiac output and cardiac index immediately following the device implantation.

Objective To evaluate the localization of mitral valvular(MV)prolapse by transthoracic echocardiography(TTE),transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)and explore the interrelationship between the different subregions of MV prolapse and mitral regurgitation(MR).Methods Total of thirtythree patients with MV prolapse and more than moderate MR were included.TEE was used to further judge the location of scallop lesions and the result of both TTE and TEE were compared with the surgical findings respectively.The relationship between the different subregions of MV prolapse and MR was analyzed.Results Compared with the surgery findings,the accuracy rate of TTE and TEE in diagnosis of MV prolapse was 100％ qualitatively,80％ for TTE and 94％ for TEE in localizing the diseased region with the anterior and posterior MV,the result of TEE was significantly different from TTE(P＜0.05).MR level was related to the location of MV prolapse.Conclusions Compared with the TTE,TEE had more advantages in localizing the position of the MV prolapse.Mitral regurgitation is related to the location of MV prolapse.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efifcacy of percutaneous ventricular partitioning (PVP) in ischemic heart failure (IHF) patients with apical aneurysm. Methods: A total of 19 IHF patients with apical aneurysm at the age of (68.1 ± 8.2) years were enrolled. The patients received PVP operation with adequate clinical and medical imaging examinations; the safety of operation was evaluated and post-operative clinical events with cardiac function were followed-up. Results: There were 18/19 (95%) patients with successful PVP and 1 had to stop the operation due to unsatisfactory landing of ventricular partitioning device. 2 patients suffered from vessel access related complication and received femoral artery stent implantation. With (252 ± 170) days follow-up study, no post-operative device failure, cardiac death, thromboembolism and HF re-hospitalization occurred. At 3 months after operation, the patients had improved NYHA classiifcation (2.72 ± 0.67) vs (1.67 ± 0.59) and 6 min walk test (462 ± 96) m vs (484 ± 87) m, bothP<0.01. Echocardiography indicated that post-operative left ventricle end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) decreased form (137.4 ± 19.1) ml/m2 to (125.6 ± 18.5) ml/m2,P=0.0056 and LVESVI decreased from (89.7 ± 22.3) ml/m2 to (78.8 ± 20.7) ml/m2,P=0.0019; while LVEF increased from (34.8 ± 8.13) % to (41.3 ± 6.2) %, P=0.031. Conclusion: Our preliminary experience showed that with adequate evaluation, PVP was safe and effective in IHF patients with apical aneurysm; short-term follow-up study implied the improved hemodynamic and cardiac function.

Objective To compare and analyze the synchrony of cardiac contraction when left bundle branch area pacing ( LBBP ) using tissue Doppler imaging ( TDI ) . Methods T wenty‐four patients with LBBP and 20 patients with right ventricular pacing ( RVP ) were enrolled in the study . Among them , 35 cases were diagnosed as sick sinus syndrome ( SSS ) and 9 cases were diagnosed as Ⅱ or Ⅲ degree atrioventricular block ( AVB) before operation . Echocardiographic images were collected with ventricular pacemaker‐on ,and patients with SSS in LBBP group under the condition of pacemaker program control also collected the image of self‐conduction . TDI was used to measure time of the peak velocity ( T s ) of myocardial contraction in the left ventricular 12 segments ,right ventricle 2 segments ,and atrial 3 walls .The difference between the basal segment of left ventricular lateral wall and right ventricular free wall ( T s‐LV‐RV ) ,the mean value of the right ventricular 2 segments ( T s‐2‐RV ) ,the average( T s‐12‐LV ) and standard deviation ( T sd‐12‐LV ) of the left ventricular 12 segments ,and the difference in peak systolic time among 3 walls T AL‐R ,T AI‐R ,T AL‐I were calculated . Results Compared with the RVP pacing state ,the parameters of left ventricular systolic synchrony in LBBP pacing were shortened ,and the difference was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0 .05 ) . T here was no significant difference in parameters of left ventricular/right ventricular systolic synchrony and cardiac function between the LBBP group and the self‐conduction status ( P＞0 .05) . Conclusions Left ventricular systolic synchrony is superior to RVP in LBBP pacing ,and left/right ventricular systolic synchrony and cardiac function are not different from self‐conduction . LBBP is a new physiological pacing . TDI is able to quantitatively assess cardiac systolic synchrony .

To investigate the predictive value of left ventricular longitudinal strain parameters in patients with severe mitral regurgitation before surgery on the reduction of transthoracic automatic left ventricular three －dimensional ejection fraction ( Heart Model EF ) aftersurgery . Methods Clinical data ,two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional dynamic images of 33 patients preparing for mitral regurgitation surgery and 39 healthy adults were obtained . T wo‐dimensional strain parameters of left ventricular ,and Heart Model EF of left ventricular were obtained by software analysis . Healthy adults were set as control group ,and patients with mitral regurgitation were divided into M R 1 group ( Heart M odel EF did not reduce or decrease ≤ 10% ) and M R2 group ( Heart M odel EF reduced ＞ 10% ) according to the degree of Heart M odel EF reduction 6 months after surgery . Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the parameters related to the decrease of Heart Model EF 6 months after operation in the longitudinal strain parameters of left ventricular myocardium before operation ,and the critical values of sensitive predictive parameters were obtained by drawing receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curve . Results ①T he absolute values of left ventricular strain parameters in M R 2 group were significantly lower than those in control group and M R1 group ( P ＜ 0 .05 ) . T he results of univariate Logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis showed that the left ventricular systolic global peak longitudinal strain ( GLS) ,left ventricular systolic basal peak longitudinal strain ( BLS) and left ventricular systolic inferior wall peak longitudinal strain ( I‐LS) can be used as predictors of post‐operative Heart Model EF reduction ( P ＜0 .05) . T he OR ( 95% CI ) value ,cut‐off value ,sensitivity and specificity were 0 .752 ( 0 .753 ,0 .987 ) ,－19 .35 ,67% ,92% ( GLS) ,0 .757 ( 0 .590 ,0 .970 ) ,－19 .01 ,78% ,77% ( BLS ) and 0 .821 ( 0 .675 ,0 .998 ) ,－18 .43 ,67% ,92% ( I‐LS ) ,respectively . ② T he multivariate logistic regression analysis of left ventricular strain parameters showed that only BLS can be used as predictors of post‐operative EF reduction . T he OR ( 95% CI ) value and P value were 0 .757 ( 0 .590 ,0 .970 ) and 0 .028 , respectively . Conclusions Two‐dimensional speckle tracking imaging has the ability to detect preoperative subclinical left ventricular dysfunction ,and is a reliable reference for selecting surgical timing for patients with severe mitral regurgitation . In addition to left ventricular GLS ,left ventricular BLS and left ventricular I‐LS can also predict postoperative left ventricular dysfunction ,among w hich left ventricular BLS is more significant .

Objective To evaluate the changes of left ventricular hemodynamics and systolic function in patients with apical aneurysm after percutaneous ventricular restoration ( PVR) by echocardiography . Methods Fifty patients with apical aneurysm were divided into PVR group ( 25 cases) and conservative treatment group ( control group ,25 cases ) . Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography ( 2D-TTE ) combined with real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography( RT-3DTEE) were applied for all the subjects in PVR group on preoperative ,one week after operaction ,three months after operaction and in control group on initial stage of prevent ventricular remodeling therapy ,one week after therapy ,three months after therapy to obtain left ventricular end-diastolic diameter( LVEDD) ,left ventricular end-systolic diameter( LVSDD) ,left ventricular end-diastolic volume( EDV ) ,end-systolic volume( ESV ) ,left ventricular ejection fraction( LVEF) ,left ventricular fractional shortening ( LVFS ) ,body surface area ( BSA ) ,stroke volume( SV) ,stroke volume index ( SVI) ,cardiac output ( CO ) ,cardiac output index ( CI) . Results There were significant differences in all parameters( P < 0 .05) especially in LVEF and SVI( P < 0 .01) between PVR group and control group in the following three months after operaction ,while there was no significant difference of the following one week after operaction( P > 0 .05) .Compared with preoperative ,there was no difference in all parameters in the following one week after operaction ( P > 0 .05) ,there was significant increase in SV and significant reduce in LVEDD and EDV ( P < 0 .01) between preoperative and in the following three months after operaction ,while there was no significant difference between preoperative and in the following one week after operaction ( P > 0 .05 ) .For the control group there was no significant difference between initial stage of prevevt ventricular remodeling therapy and in the following one week or three months after operaction .Conclusions PVR has a definite effect on left ventricular hemodynamics and systolic function in patients with apical aneurysm in the short term ,while 2D-TTE and RT-3DTEE provides a reliable basis for clinical to evaluate the effect of the PVR .

Objective:To quantitatively evaluate the left ventricular myocardial strains and global myocardial work indices in severe aortic stenosis(AS) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) by using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) technology and pressure-strain loop (PSL).Methods:Twenty patients undergoing TAVI from January to November 2020 in Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University were selected as the TAVI group, and 20 healthy volunteers (with the matched gender, age) were selected as the control group at the same period. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), endocardial, middle, epicardial myocardial longitudinal strain (LSendo, LSmid, LSepi) were measured by 2D-STI. The correlation between aortic pressure and the left ventricular systolic pressure invasively measured by cardiac catheterization, and blood pressure and the left ventricular systolic pressure non-invasively measured by peripheral brachial artery systolic blood pressure combined with Doppler-derived mean aortic gradient was separately compared. The non-invasive PSL was used to evaluate the global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW) and global work efficiency (GWE). The differences of the myocardial strains and myocardial work indices between the two groups, including controls, patients with preoperation, 1 week and 3 months after TAVI, were compared.Results:Compared with the control group, GLS, LSendo, LSmid and LSepi of the left ventricle in the TAVI preoperation group were decreased (all P<0.05), LSendo increased at 1 week after TAVI, and GLS, LSendo, LSmid, and LSepi increased at 3 months after TAVI (all P<0.05). In the TAVI preoperative, invasive aortic pressure was positively correlated with peripheral brachial artery systolic blood pressure, invasive left ventricular systolic pressure was positively correlated with non-invasive left ventricular systolic pressure ( r=0.658, 0.565; all P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the preoperative the GWE decreased and the GWW increased in the TAVI group (all P<0.05). Compared with the preoperation, the GWI and GCW decreased at 1 week after TAVI (all P<0.05). Compared with 1 week after TAVI, GWI, GCW, GWE increased and GWW decreased at 3 months after TAVI (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of 2D-STI and PSL can quantitatively evaluate the left ventricular myocardial systolic function before and after TAVI in AS patients, which can provide a more objective reference index for clinical evaluation of the efficacy of TAVI.