OBJECTIVE:To recommend the development strategies for small and medium-size pharmaceutical commercial enterprises. METHODS: We analyzed the development and change of the macro-policies and industrial surroundings and discussed different strategies available for small and medium-size pharmaceutical commercial enterprises. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Among those suitable strategies, which include scale enlargement, service differentiation, and countryside & community market expansion etc, small and medium enterprises should choose different kinds of strategies according to their special characteristics. Meanwhile they should incessantly enhance their real strength and spare no effort to cultivate their own competitive advantage to seek survival and development.

Changes of pulmonary ?_1-and ?-adrenergic receptor (?_1-AR and ?-AR)during endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rates were oberved to find out the rela-tionship between them and the mechanism of change. Results showed that there was amarked decrease of B_max of both ?_1-AR and ?-AR by 35% and 43% respectively, dur-ing acute lung injury. The down regulation of ?-AR might be one of causes of acutelung injury while that of ?_1-AR seems to be a protective response. Active oxygen playedan important role in endotoxin-induced down regulation of AR in the rat lungs. The increa-sed level of norepinephrine and epinephrine was not the main factor that initiate the downregulation of AR. Intravenous injection of tumor necrosis factor (5?10~6U/kg ) exerts noiafluence on the changes of pulmonary AR in rats.

Hospital information system is a computer system network which meets the need of modernization of hospital information management. In recent years the development of information technology such as computer technology,communication technology provides strong technology support for the development of hospital information system. The history, current status of the military hospital information system at home and abroad and future prospect of our military hospitals are reviewed.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between protein kinase B (AKT) and protein kinase (PKCθ) and morphine-induced inhibition of differentiation of T helper (Th) cells.Methods Peripheral venous blood samples were taken from 20 healthy volunteers..Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted by density gradient centrifugation method.CD4+ T lymphocytes extracted were purified by magnetic bead separation.CD4+ T lymphocytes were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n =3 each) using a random number table.CD4 + T lymphocytes were incubated routinely in group C.CD4 + T lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of PMA 25 ng/ml + ionomycin 1 μg/ml (group PI),PMA 25 ng/ml + ionomycin 1 μμg/ml + morphine 50 μμg/ml (group M),or PMA 25 ng/ml + ionomycin 1 μμg/ml + morphine 50 μg/ml + naloxone 50 μμg/ml (group N).The cells were incubated for 4 h in the incubator containing 5％ CO2 at 37 ℃.The expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin-4 (IL-4) was detected by flow cytometry.The expression of IFN-γ and IL-4 was used to reflect the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells,respectively.The ratio of Th1/Th2 was calculated.The expression of AKT,phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT),PKCθ and phosphorylated PKCθ (p-PKCθ) was detected by Western blot,and the ratio of p-AKT/AKT and p-PKCθ/PKCθ was calculated to reflect the activities of AKT and PKCθ,respectively.Results Compared with group C,the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells and ratio of Th1/Th2 were significantly increased in PI,M and N groups,the activities of AKT and PKCθ were increased in PI and N groups,and the activity of PKCθ was increased in group M (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group PI,the percentage of Th1 cells,ratio of Th1/Th2 and activity of AKT were significantly decreased in group M,the ratio of Th1/Th2 was decreased in group N (P ＜0.05),and no significant change in the activity of PKCθ was found in M and N groups (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group M,the percentage of Th1 cells,ratio of Th1/Th2 and activity of AKT were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change in the activity of PKCθ was observed in group N (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which morphine inhibits the differentiation of Th cells through activating opioid receptors is related to inhibition of AKT activation,but not related to PKCθ.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between GATA-3 and T-bet and inhibition of the differentiation of human T helper cells by morphine.Methods Ten healthy volunteers,aged 20-50 yr,weighing 50-70 kg,were enrolled in the study.Peripheral venous blood samples were taken in the early morning.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and assigned into 5 groups (n=10 each).PBMCs were incubated routinely (group C).PBMCs were incubated in the presence of PMA and ionomycin (group P),morphine 50 μg/ml (group M),morphine 50 μg/ml + naloxone 50 μg/ml (group MN) or naloxone 50μg/ml (group N),and were then stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for another 4 h.The percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells was detected by flow cytometry.The Th1/Th2 ratio was calculated.Interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 concentrations in the supematant were determined using ELISA.The activities of GATA-3 and T-bet were analyzed by EMSA.Results Compared with group P,the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells,Th1/Th2 ratio,IFN-γand IL-4 concentrations in the supernatant,and GATA-3 and T-bet activities were significantly decreased in group M,the percentage of Th1 cells,Th1/Th2 ratio,and IFN-γ concentration in the supernatant were significantly decreased in group MN (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group M,the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells,Th1/Th2 ratio,IFN-γ and IL-4 concentrations in the supernatant,and GATA-3 and T-bet activities were significantly increased in group MN (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above between groups N and C (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Morphine inhibits the differentiation of human T helper cells by activating opioid receptors,which may be related to the inhibition of GATA-3 and T-bet activities.

Objective To evaluate the effect of meglumine cyclic adenosine (MAC) on heart rate variability (HRV) in aged-patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsSeventy six aged-patients with CHD were randomly divided into control group (n =36) and treatment group (n =40).The patients in control group were treated with nitrate,ozagrel,calcium antagonist,aspirin enteric-coated tablets,low molecular heparin,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ( ACEI ) or angiotensin receptor antagonist ( ARB ) and lipidlowering agents according to patients' conditions.Based on this,the patients in treatment group were treated with MAC 90 mg intravenous injection once a day for two weeks.The 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram was recorded.pre-ard post-treatment,and the changes of HRV indexes were observed.Results There was no statistical significance in HRV between the two groups before treatment ( P ＞ 0.05 ).However the HRV in two groups improved significantly after treatment ( P ＜0.01 ).The improvement of HRV was more significant in MAC group than that in control group (P ＜0.01 ).Conclusion MAC can significantly improve HRV in aged-patients with CHD.

AIM:To investigate the effects of microRNA-193 (miR-193) on the proliferation and apoptosis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).METHODS:Cultured rat MSCs were transfected with pre-miR-193 or anti-miR-193 to regulate the expression of miR-193.The proliferation of the MSCs after transfection was evaluated by MTS assay, colorimetric BrdU cell proliferation assay and Ki-67 immunostaining.Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining.The effect of miR-193 on the expression of cell cycle-related proteins was evaluated by qRT-PCR.RESULTS:Transfection of pre-miR-193 or anti-miR-193 regulated the expression of miR-193 in MSCs effectively . Over-expression of miR-193 significantly promoted the proliferation of MSCs ( P<0.05 ) , and inhibition of miR-193 re-duced the proliferation of MSCs (P<0.05).miR-193 had no significant effect on the apoptosis of MSCs (P>0.05).The result of qRT-PCR indicated miR-193 promoted the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 ( CDK2 ) significantly ( P<0.01).CONCLUSION:miR-193 promotes the proliferation of MSCs possibly through the CDK 2 pathway.

Objective To explore the nursing of polycystic ovary syndrome treated by transvaginal ultrasound small follicular puncture.Methods The treatment and nursing of 58 cases with polycystic ovary syndrome treated by transvaginal ultrasound small follic~ar puncture were summarized.Results Among 58 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome treated by transvaginal ultrasound small follicular puncture,21 cases obtained postoperative pregnancy,the pregnancy rate was 36.20％.Conclusions According to the psychological characteristics of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome treated by transvaginal ultrasound small follicular puncture,good psychological nursing and sufficient preoperative preparation are helpful to reduce the patients' psychological pressure,cooperate with the operation smoothly,and obtain satisfactory clinical effect.

Objective To explore the level of the oxidative stress and the DNA oxidative damage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients after remission and in acute exacerbation.Methods The PBMCs DNA damage in 35 PE patients (test group) after remission and in acute exacerbation respectively and in 33 healthy persons (control group) was detected by single-cell gel electrophoresissingle (Comet assay).The total antioxidative capacity (TAC) in blood plasma was measured by phenanthroline colorimetric analysis.The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma was measured by thiobarbituricacid colorimetric analysis.The capacity of glutathion peroxidase (GSH-PX) in blood plasma was measured by the method of improved Hafeman direct determination method (DNTB).Results The level of TAC,GSH-PX in test group after remission were significantly higher than those in acute exacerbation[(6.86 ± 1.21) kU/L vs.(5.18 ± 1.13) kU/L,(165.25 ± 41.96) kU/L vs.(137.23 ± 38.52) kU/L] (P ＜0.01),and they were all significantly lower than those in control group [(7.85 ± 1.44),(189.92 ± 51.32) kU/L] (P ＜ 0.01).The level of MDA in test group after remission was significantly lower than that in acute exacerbation [(5.58 ± 1.89) μmol/L vs.(7.26 ± 2.25) μmol/L] (P ＜ 0.01),and they were significantly higher than that in control group [(3.71 ± 1.52) μmol/L] (P ＜ 0.01).The arbitrary units (AU) of PBMCs DNA damage in PE patients after remission (29.01 ± 6.75) was significantly lower than that in acute exacerbation (42.13 ± 8.01),and they were all significantly higher than that in control group (15.12 ± 4.36),there were significant differences (P＜ 0.01).There were negative correlations between the PBMCs DNA damage and the level of TAC in PE patients after remission and in acute exacerbation (r =-0.695,P ＜ 0.01 ;r =-0.536,P ＜ 0.01).There were positive correlations between the PBMCs DNA damage and the contents of MDA in PE patients after remission and in acute exacerbation (r =0.513,P ＜ 0.01 ;r =0.628,P ＜ 0.01).There were negative correlations between the level of TAC and the contents of MDA in PE after remission and in acute exacerbation respectively (r =-0.534,P ＜ 0.01 ;r =-0.486,P ＜ 0.05).There were positive correlation between the level of TAC and GSH-PX in PE patients after remission and in acute exacerbation (r =0.512,P ＜ 0.01 ;r =0.497,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions There are oxidation/antioxidation imbalance,oxidative stress and the PBMCs DNA damage in PE patients.There is positive correlation between the PBMCs DNA damage and the oxidative stress.After remission,the level of the oxidative stress and the PBMCs DNA oxidative damage in the same PE patients is improved respectively.

Objective To investigate the teaching effect of heuristic teaching in medical psychology teaching.Methods Totally 104 students (2010 grade higher vocational nursing class) were divided into experiment group (n=52) and control group (n=52).Heuristic teaching model and conventional teaching model were applied respectively.t test was used to compare the final exam scores of two groups; self-made evaluation sheet was used to evaluate the teaching effect and x2 test was employed to compare the results between two groups,with P＜0.05 standing for statistical significance.Results Final exam scores of experiment group (87.48 ± 3.18) was better than control group (81.43 ± 4.89) (P=0.016).Teaching evaluation was better in experiment group than in control group.Conclusions Heuristic teaching is helpful in improving students' study enthusiasm and training their scientific thinking.