The paper first analyzes the current status of and existing problems with the management personnel in domestic third-tier hospitals and expounds from such angles as work motives, knowledge structure and personality the necessary qualities that hospital management personnel should possess. Then it argues on the basis of analyses from such perspectives as methodology, disciplinary system development and macro policy environment that only through appropriate training in hospital management can the current status of the management personnel in domestic hospitals be changed, the professional advancement of the management personnel in the third-tier hospitals be genuinely realized, and the support and impetus for maintaining the competitiveness of domestic third-tier hospitals in the medical market be provided.

Objective To probe into the proper ratio of doctors and nurses and appropriate nursing programs in community health service. Methods A number of methods were used, including task analysis, use of old handsexperience, sociological survey, and literature review. Results Medical consultation took 1 105 minutes, taking blood pressure took 141.5 minutes, transfusion took 493.5 minutes, intramuscular injection took 44.5 minutes, and drawing blood took 77.5 minutes. According to the above results, the ratio of doctors and nurses was respectively 3.18∶1, 0.94∶1, and 2.02∶1. Also, by analyzing in a comparative way the nursing programs already developed both at home and abroad and taking into consideration the reality, suggestions were put forward as to the kind of nursing program communities ought to start. Conclusion The findings are of referential value to administrative departments of health and medical institutions.

Objective To determine the tasks that health human resources of technicians in the medical laboratory specialty ought to fulfill, the factors that affect performance and the estimation of demands. Methods Such methods as analyzing medical records, tasks and health demands were used. Results The current situation of health human resources of technicians is as follows: Those with intermediate, junior or no professional titles respectively account for 46.5%, 36.5% and 11.6%; those with a master's or a bachelor's degree or a degree from a polytechnic college or school respectively account for 2.0%, 8.2%, 42.9% and 40.8%; and others account for 6.1%. The average utilization ratio of laboratory service by inpatients and outpatients is respectively 96.7% and 49.5%; and the average utilization of laboratory service per inpatient and per outpatient is respectively 12.5 and 2.2 times. Of the average daily service volume, emergency, outpatient and inpatient, microbiological, immune serum, and biochemical tests respectively account for 8.3%, 3.0%, 8.1%, 7.8% and 72.8%. The chief tasks of the technicians are performing laboratory operations and assisting the physicians with the reporting of the laboratory results. The demand for health human resources of technicians in the laboratory specialty in the hospitals across the country numbers 89 920 people. Conclusion The results of the study will provide health administrative departments, medical institutions and medical education departments with basis for strengthening human resources management and formulating educational plans.

Objective To observe the practice of speech therapists (ST) in various grades hospitals in China. Methods Speech therapists of 457 hospitals of various grades in 30 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities were investigated with self-developed question-naire. Results 657 valid questionnaires were returned among 685 questionnaires. The distribution of speech therapists in grades of hospitals was varied with the size of cities (P<0.001), which was concentrated in the grade 3 hospitals in the large cities. For the degree of education, professional background, qualification certificate, employment nature, work time, part-time work, and annual income of the speech thera-pists, it was varied with the grades of hospitals (P<0.05), which trended to be better in the grade 3 hospitals. The first 4 subjects the speech therapists dealt were dysarthria (91.3%), dysphagia (84.7%), aphasia (73.6%) and language development delay (52.7%). Conclusion It is im-portant to support the practice of speech therapists, especially in grade 1 or 2 hospitals in order to match with the international standards.

Objective To explore the effects of empowerment education model on self-confidence and satisfaction of breastfeeding in primiparas. Methods Totally 98 primiparas were selected and divided into the observation group ( n=50) and the control group ( n=48) . Primiparas in the control group were given regular health education, while primiparas in the observation group were given empowerment education model, the score of breastfeeding self-confidence, the incidence of breast pain and cracked nipples, maternal satisfaction toward nursing and the condition of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 week and 1 month after delivery between two groups were compared.Results There were significant differences on the score of skill dimension and inner dimension, and the total score between two groups (P<0.01). The incidence rate of breast pain, cracked nipples in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); the maternal satisfaction degree in the observation group (96.0%) was higher than that in the control group (83.3%) (P<0.05);the rate of exclusive breast-feeding in the observation group was higher than that in the control group after 1 week and 1 month ( P<0. 05) . Conclusions Empowerment education model can improve the breastfeeding confidence of primiparas, reduce the incidence of maternal breast pain and cracked nipples, and improve the maternal satisfaction toward nursing work.

With the continuous development of surgery,the amount of Da Vinci robot surgery has increased year by year,and Da Vinci robot has been widely used in the field of surgery.However,due to its structural characteristics,robot surgical instruments are difficult to clean after contamination,which poses a great challenge to the cleaning technology of nurses in central sterile supply department(CSSD).At present,there are still some problems in the cleaning quality management of Da Vinci robotic surgical instruments,such as inadequate pre-treatment,non-standard manual cleaning process,and inconsistent cleaning quality evaluation methods,which bring great hidden dangers to patients'medical safety.Therefore,scientific and effective cleaning quality control is very important to prevent nosocomial infection and ensure the life safety of patients.This paper reviews the cleaning process and quality control on Da Vinci robotic surgical instruments by consulting,screening,sorting and summarizing domestic and foreign relevant literature of the cleaning and management,and combining with the actual clinical work of the disinfection supply center,and aims to provide theoretical references for the formulation of guidelines and clinical practice for the personnel of CSSD.