No Abstract Available.
Mammals*

Human aggression is an urgent social and clinical problem. Aggression is an inescapable clinical challenge in diverse neuropsychiatric patients populations. Beacuse aggressive or violent behavior has many different causes and manifestations, the study of aggressive or violent behavior is very difficult. However, over the past 30years, such experiments have yields a large amount of information on the neuroanatomical, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms underlying aggression in mammals. In this paper, we reviewed the neurochemical and neuroanatomical aspects of human aggression.
Aggression* ; Humans ; Mammals ; Neurobiology*

No abstract available.
Female ; Mammals* ; Ovulation*

No abstract available.
Female ; Mammals* ; Ovulation* ; Rupture*

1) The author investigated whether presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors exist in the cardioaccelerator nerves of cold-blooded animals(frog, tortoise) as in ones of in mammals. 2) Each atrial preparation of a frog, tortoise and guinea-pig produced the positive chronotropic and inotropic responces to field stimulation. Each ventricular muscle preparation of frog and tortoise produced positive inotropic responces to field stimulation. 3) Both the responces of frog atrium and the inotropic response of frog ventrice to the stimulation were abolished or markedly inhibited by the presence of tetrodotoxin, guanethidine and proparanolo. Both responses of tortoise atrium to the stimulation were markedly inhibited by propranolol and the inotropic response ventricle to the stimulation was markedly inhibited by tetrodotoxin. 4) Both responses of frog and tortoise atrium, and the inotropic response of frog and tortoise ventricle to the stimulation were not affected by clonidine and yohimbine. 5) Both responses of guinea-pig atrium to the stimulation were markedly inhibited in the presence of clonidine and this clonidine-induced inhibition was not observed in the presence of yohimbine. 6) The above results suggest that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors do not exist in the cardioaccelerator nerves of frog and tortoise, being different from those of mammalisn animals.
Animals* ; Clonidine ; Guanethidine ; Mammals ; Propranolol ; Tetrodotoxin ; Yohimbine

Pyrethroids have been widely using insecticides. Although generally regarded as less toxic to mammals including humans, we report one fatal case of pyrethroid poisoning with severe brain injury.
Brain Injuries* ; Humans ; Insecticides ; Mammals ; Poisoning ; Pyrethrins

While circadian rhythms in fluid intake, urine production, and urine storage have been substantiated in diurnal human and nocturnal rodents, the mechanism(s) underlying it is largely unknown. With the elucidations of molecular clockwork and its functional significance in mammals, new opportunities arise to investigate possible circadian control of voiding function and dysfunction, which undoubtedly needs immediate attentions of researchers in the field.
Attention ; Circadian Rhythm ; Humans ; Mammals ; Rodentia

As a key regulatory element of gene differential expression, enhancer plays a crucial role in craniomaxillofacial development through regulating the spatiotemporal expression of target genes to promote tissue-specific differentiation. With the development of CRISPR and chromosome conformation capture technique, the function of enhancer and its regulatory mechanism has been explored in depth. This paper gave a systematic review on the mechanism of enhancer regulating target gene expression and the role of enhancer in oral craniofacial development and malformation.
Animals ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Mammals/genetics*

Müller glia (MG) are the primary support cells in the vertebrate retina, regulating homeostasis in one of the most metabolically active tissues. In lower vertebrates such as fish, they respond to injury by proliferating and reprogramming to regenerate retinal neurons. In mammals, MG may also react to injury by proliferating, but they fail to initiate regeneration. The barriers to regeneration could be intrinsic to mammalian MG or the function of the niche that cannot support the MG reprogramming required for lineage conversion or both. Understanding these mechanisms in light of those being discovered in fish may lead to the formulation of strategies to unlock the neurogenic potential of MG and restore regeneration in the mammalian retina.
Homeostasis ; Mammals ; Neurogenesis ; Neuroglia* ; Regeneration ; Retina ; Retinal Neurons ; Vertebrates

The morphology of the lingual papillae in a female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tongue was 22.3 cm in length and 7.1 cm in width. Numerous filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. SEM examination of the tongue revealed two types of mechanical papillae, i.e. filiform and conical papilla, and two types of gustatory papillae, i.e. fungiform and vallate papilla, on the dorsal surface of the tongue. Each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and several secondary papillae. The filiform papillae on the anterior part of the tongue were divided into one primary and 6~14 secondary papillae. Unlike other mammalians, however, secondary papillae in the mid-part of the tongue showed pineal-like papillae. In the posterior part of the tongue, secondary papillae were rare or absent. Fungiform papillae were surrounded by filiform papillae and densely distributed on the lingual surface. There were two vallate papillae on the borderline between the lingual body and root of the tongue. A vallate papilla contained two secondary papillae inside the grooves. Conical papillae were located in the area of the vallate papillae and covered the posterior part of the tongue root. No foliate papillae were seen on both margins of the posterior part of the tongue. Our results indicate that the structure on the lingual papillae of the Bengal tiger is somewhat different from that of other mammals.
Female ; Humans ; Mammals ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Tigers* ; Tongue