Steroids are used in management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe illness and their use has been demonstrated to decrease mortality. Although life-saving, steroids are well documented as risk factors for osteonecrosis.Osteonecrosis of the hip can be debilitating and surgery may be required to improve the quality of life. With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, osteonecrosis of the hip and other joints resulting from steroid use is expected to show a sharp rise in the coming years. In this review we discuss the association between steroids and osteonecrosis, indications for steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, and incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis secondary to steroids in COVID-19.

Steroids are used in management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe illness and their use has been demonstrated to decrease mortality. Although life-saving, steroids are well documented as risk factors for osteonecrosis.Osteonecrosis of the hip can be debilitating and surgery may be required to improve the quality of life. With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, osteonecrosis of the hip and other joints resulting from steroid use is expected to show a sharp rise in the coming years. In this review we discuss the association between steroids and osteonecrosis, indications for steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, and incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis secondary to steroids in COVID-19.

Steroids are used in management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe illness and their use has been demonstrated to decrease mortality. Although life-saving, steroids are well documented as risk factors for osteonecrosis.Osteonecrosis of the hip can be debilitating and surgery may be required to improve the quality of life. With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, osteonecrosis of the hip and other joints resulting from steroid use is expected to show a sharp rise in the coming years. In this review we discuss the association between steroids and osteonecrosis, indications for steroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, and incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis secondary to steroids in COVID-19.

One major challenge in male factor infertility is nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which is characterized by spermatozoa-deficient semen without physical duct blockage. This review offers a thorough overview of the histopathology of the testes in NOA cases, clarifying its complex etiology and emphasizing the possible value of histopathology inspection for both diagnosis and treatment. Variable histopathological findings have been linked to NOA, such as tubular hyalinization, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, hypospermatogenesis, and germ cell arrest. Understanding the pathophysiology and forecasting the effectiveness of treatment are further enhanced by both morphometric and ultrastructural analyses. The potential significance of testicular biopsy in forecasting reproductive outcomes is assessed, especially concerning assisted reproductive technologies like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Besides, testicular microlithiasis, serum hormone profiles, and testicular size are investigated concerning NOA histopathology. It is concluded that understanding the histopathological patterns in NOA is crucial for its accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Further research is still warranted to improve understanding of the complex pathophysiology underlying NOA.
Humans ; Azoospermia/etiology* ; Male ; Testis/pathology* ; Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome/pathology* ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic

Purpose: Fracture union after osteosynthesis of a fracture neck femur (FNF) occurs by compression of the fracture ends and potential neck shortening. Selection of an implant for fixation of a femoral fracture of the neck can be challenging when making management decisions. Femoral neck shortening after internal fixation of FNFs using a femoral neck system (FNS) or multiple cannulated cancellous screws (MCS) was compared. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at a university teaching hospital. Sixty patients undergoing internal fixation for management of sub-capital or trans-cervical FNFs were randomized and assigned, to one of the two groups—the test group (FNS group) and the control group (MCS group). Primary outcome was determined by measuring the difference in 1-year shortening of the femoral neck on radiographs between FNS and MCS. The secondary objective was to determine the correlation between neck shortening with patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) at the end of the final follow-up. Results: At the final follow-up, shortening of the femoral neck was 3.77±1.87 mm in the FNS group, significantly lower compared with the MCS group, 6.53±1.59 mm. Conclusion Significantly less shortening of the femoral neck was observed in the FNS group compared with the MCS group. No statistically significant difference in PROMs was observed at 1-year follow-up. The findings of the study suggest that FNS can be regarded as a suitable alternative for internal fixation in young adults (<60 years) with trans-cervical and subcapital FNFs.

Purpose: Fracture union after osteosynthesis of a fracture neck femur (FNF) occurs by compression of the fracture ends and potential neck shortening. Selection of an implant for fixation of a femoral fracture of the neck can be challenging when making management decisions. Femoral neck shortening after internal fixation of FNFs using a femoral neck system (FNS) or multiple cannulated cancellous screws (MCS) was compared. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at a university teaching hospital. Sixty patients undergoing internal fixation for management of sub-capital or trans-cervical FNFs were randomized and assigned, to one of the two groups—the test group (FNS group) and the control group (MCS group). Primary outcome was determined by measuring the difference in 1-year shortening of the femoral neck on radiographs between FNS and MCS. The secondary objective was to determine the correlation between neck shortening with patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) at the end of the final follow-up. Results: At the final follow-up, shortening of the femoral neck was 3.77±1.87 mm in the FNS group, significantly lower compared with the MCS group, 6.53±1.59 mm. Conclusion Significantly less shortening of the femoral neck was observed in the FNS group compared with the MCS group. No statistically significant difference in PROMs was observed at 1-year follow-up. The findings of the study suggest that FNS can be regarded as a suitable alternative for internal fixation in young adults (<60 years) with trans-cervical and subcapital FNFs.