National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology reported national malaria status in the first 6 months of 2004. Investigative indexes included: mortality, morbidity, the shortcomings of technology, natural environmental and social changes, resource management. Providing some focuses on malaria prevention in the second 6 months of 2004 for malaria epidemiological surveillance, vecto prevention, malaria treatment and diagnosis, communicative education and malaria preventive socialization
Malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ;

In 2003, due to practice effectively malaria prevention programs and intensify supervise malaria epidemiology that malaria prevention in Tuyen Quang provice had good results, gained 3 aims: malaria morbidity reduced 28%, malaria mortality 0%. Malaria epidemiology was stable in Tuyen Quang. However, in 15 malaria parasites in Tuyen Quang in 2003, there was 14 was exotic malaria parasites from the South and other provinces. Therefore, in the later years, beside the investigation, management of Ministy of Health, the government project for malaria prevention, National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology, Tuyen Quang needed to implement well malaria epidemiological surveillance in basic levels and malaria preventive plan to maintain gained malaria preventive results
malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

The conference "Enhance the ability for malaria prevention of some provinces in Tay Nguyen the second time" was held in Da Lat, Lam Dong province on 22 November 2004 by the Ministry of Health. Assessmentary the situation of malaria in this area showed that: There was without malaria outbreak; the mortality of malaria decreased 62.5% (in quantity) and 63.3% (rate of population). The infection of malaria fell down by 30,9% (in quantity) and 26.3% (rate of population). It is the first time for many years, the mortality and the infection rate of malaria in the year on year basic in Tay Nguyen - Binh Phuoc areas reached lower level compared with the whole country. The main causes as followed: There were time by instructions from the Ministry of Health's leaders; The national project on malaria prevention, the Institutes for malaria - parasite - insect. The main measures included: continueing to strenthen the socialization >?< for malaria prevention; Mobilizing all resources from the central to the local level, from the community, from the International projects; Enhancing progranda on health education - malaria prevention
Malaria ; prevention & control ; epidemiology

Dac Lac is a mountainous province in the centre of Vietnam with the population of 1,735,501 people, 13 districts, 1 town, 165 communes, 2,207 hamlets. The population and ethics in Dac Lac province increase rapidly due to freedly migrated of the people from the whole country, from 1985 up to now. Those characteristics together with complex geographical condition and the largest area of the country, forests, together with low mountains, so malaria in Dac Lac province has annualy the highest incidence and mordarity of the whole country. The situation of malaria in Dac Lac province decrease and stabilized in July 2004. In order to continuing decrease and stabilize the malaria, in Dac Lac province, it must be continue to strengthen the control of malaria, implement the plan of malaria prevention, consolidate the basic network of health and speciality of malaria
Malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

Thanks to investment and guide of Ministry of Health and National Project for malaria prevention, National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology – Entomology, from 1998 to 10 early months of 2003, malaria status have been gained stably in Ha Giang province. Three targets of the malaria control program: “reduction of morbidity, no death of malaria and no malaria outbreak” have always been gained. These achievements have been obtained due to Ha Giang have implemented well malaria prevention plans, increasing malaria surveillance. The frequent malaria surveillance in 10 early months of 2003 has helped to early detect and manage all malaria cases in the province
Malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; diagnosis ;

In 2017, China achieved the target of zero indigenous malaria case for the first time, and has been certified as malaria free by World Health Organization in 2021. To further summarize the historical achievements and technical experiences of the elimination program, a project on the Roadmap Analysis and Verification for Malaria Elimination in China was carried out. Results of the project were compiled and published as the Atlas of Malaria Transmission in China (The Atlas). The Atlas using modern digital information technologies, has been supported by various data from 24 malaria endemic provinces of China since 1950, to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2019 at national and provincial levels. The Atlas is designed as two volumes, including a total of 1850 thematic maps and more than 130 charts, consisting of introductory maps, thematic maps of malaria epidemic and control at national and provincial levels. It objectively and directly shows the epidemic history, evolution process, and great achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in China. The Atlas has important reference value for summing up historical experience in the national malaria elimination program of China, and malaria control and elimination in other endemic countries in the world.
Humans ; Malaria/prevention & control* ; China/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemic status of imported malaria and national malaria control program in China, so as to provide insights into post-elimination malaria surveillance. METHODS: All data pertaining to imported malaria cases were collected from Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region during the period from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2021. The number of malaria cases, species of malaria parasites, country where malaria parasite were infected, diagnosis and treatment after returning to China, and response were compared before (from January 1, 2018 to January 22, 2020) and after the COVID-19 pandemic (from January 23, 2020 to December 31, 2021). RESULTS: A total of 2 054 imported malaria cases were reported in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region during the period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2021, and there were 1 722 cases and 332 cases reported before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. All cases were reported within one day after definitive diagnosis. The annual mean number of reported malaria cases reduced by 79.30% in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region after the COVID-19 pandemic (171 cases) than before the pandemic (826 cases), and the number of monthly reported malaria cases significantly reduced in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region since February 2020. There was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of species of malaria parasites among the imported malaria cases in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (χ² = 146.70, P < 0.05), and P. falciparum malaria was predominant before the COVID-19 pandemic (72.30%), while P. ovale malaria (44.28%) was predominant after the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by P. falciparum malaria (37.65%). There was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of country where malaria parasites were infected among imported malaria cases in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (χ² = 13.83, P < 0.05), and the proportion of malaria cases that acquired Plasmodium infections in western Africa reduced after the COVID-19 pandemic that before the pandemic (44.13% vs. 37.95%; χ² = 4.34, P < 0.05), while the proportion of malaria cases that acquired Plasmodium infections in eastern Africa increased after the COVID-19 pandemic that before the pandemic (9.58% vs. 15.36%; χ² = 9.88, P = 0.02). The proportion of completing case investigation within 3 days was significantly lower after the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic (96.69% vs. 98.32%; χ²= 3.87, P < 0.05), while the proportion of finishing foci investigation and response within 7 days was significantly higher after the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic (100.00% vs. 98.43%; χ² = 3.95, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The number of imported malaria cases remarkably reduced in Anhui Province, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a decreased proportion of completing case investigations within 3 days. The sensitivity of the malaria surveillance-response system requires to be improved to prevent the risk of secondary transmission of malaria due to the sharp increase in the number of imported malaria cases following the change of the COVID-19 containment policy.
Humans ; Pandemics ; China/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Malaria/prevention & control* ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology*

A comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in Zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control. This review considered data from the National Health Information Management System, Malaria Surveys and Programme Review reports and analyzed malaria in-patient cases and deaths in relation to intervention coverage for all ages. Data showed three distinct epidemiological strata after a notable malaria reduction (66%) in in-patient cases and deaths, particularly between 2000-2008. These changes occurred following the (re-)introduction and expansion of indoor residual spraying up to 90% coverage, scale-up of coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets in household from 50% to 70%, and artemisin-based combination therapy nationwide. However, malaria cases and deaths re-surged, increasing in 2009-2010 in the northern-eastern parts of Zambia. Delays in the disbursement of funds affected the implementation of interventions, which resulted in resurgence of cases and deaths. In spite of a decline in malaria disease burden over the past decade in Zambia, a reversal in impact is notable in the year 2009-2010, signifying that control gains are fragile and must be sustained to eliminate malaria.
Humans ; Malaria ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control ; Zambia ; epidemiology

In South Korea, the north border area has been under vivax malaria epidemic since 1993. However, Jeollabuk-do, which is about 300 kms from the border, has not experienced the same epidemic. I investigated a total of 58 notified cases of malaria in Jeollabuk-do in the year 2000. All of the cases had an exposure history in the epidemic area. Among them were 49 ex-soldiers, 3 soldiers who served near the border area and 6 civilians who traveled there. The causal agent of all cases was Plasmodium vivax. Except the civilians, the soldiers and ex-soldiers were aged in their twenties. In the present study, the incubation period was from 6 to 520 days with a median of 157 days, and the latent onset type (92%) was more prevalent than the early onset type. Illness onset of most cases (86%) peaked during the summer season (June to September) despite of variable incubation periods. The time lag for diagnosis ranged from 2 to 42 days with a median of 11 days. Jeollabuk-do has not been an area of epidemic until now, but incidences have been increasing annually since 1996. In Jeollabuk-do, early diagnosis and treatment can be a feasible disease control measure to prevent spreading from the epidemic area.
Human ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Malaria/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Seasons ; Time Factors

Malaria remains a global health challenge, although an increasing number of countries will enter pre-elimination and elimination stages. The prompt and precise diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium parasites is the key aspect of malaria elimination. Since the launch of the China Malaria Elimination Action Plan in 2010, China has formulated clear goals for malaria diagnosis and has established a network of malaria diagnostic laboratories within medical and health institutions at all levels. Various external quality assessments were implemented, and a national malaria diagnosis reference laboratory network was established to strengthen the quality assurance in malaria diagnosis. Notably, no indigenous malaria cases have been reported since 2017, but the risk of re-establishment of malaria transmission cannot be ignored. This review summarizes the lessons about malaria diagnosis in the elimination phase, primarily including the establishments of laboratory networks and quality control in China, to better improve malaria diagnosis and maintain a malaria-free status. A reference is also provided for countries experiencing malaria elimination.
China/epidemiology* ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Global Health ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Malaria/prevention & control*