PURPOSE: We tried to evaluate the reliablility of refractive measurement by hand-held autorefractor (HHAR). METHODS: Ninety patients (180 eyes) with simple refractive error were divided into three groups (30 patients each) according to their ages. Group I is under 6 years old; group II, from 7 to 15 years old; and group 3, over 16 years old. Under cycloplegics, three measuring methods of refraction using table top autorefractor (Model 599, Zeiss Humphrey, USA), hand-held autorefractor (Retinomax K-plus, Nikon, Japan) and skiascope (Heine beta 200, Germany) were performed and we compared each spherical and cylindrical value in 3 groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in both spherical and cylindrical value between HH-AR and skiascope in all groups (PI, sph=0.579, PI, cyl=0.708, PII, sph=0.801, PII , cyl=0.730, PIII , sph=0.816, PIII, cyl=0.754) . But there was significant difference in both spherical and cylindrical value between table top autorefractor and skiascope in group I (PI,sph=0.019, PI,cyl=0.030, PII,sph=0.405, PII,cyl=0.392, PIII,sph=0.876, PIII,cyl=0.747). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that hand-held autorefractor can be a useful instrument to measure refractive power without serious error, especially in patients who have difficulty with table top autorefractor.
Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; Mydriatics ; Refractive Errors

The therapeutic applications of Soft Contact Lenses including its optical use are most popular, devices in Ophthalmological field. The presoaked soft contact lenses (Bionite Lens) by 1% pilocarpine,10% phenylnephrine. 1% homatropine, and 1% atropine for 4 minutes are inserted into the albino rabbit and the size of pupil was measured using mm. caliper under the dim red light in the dark room. Hourly measurements were carried out and were stopped in each subject when the pupil size of both eyes had returned to normal. The pupil size of control group, which only the above drug were instilled into the conjunctival cuI de sac, was also measured as the same method. As conclusion using soft contact lens in the therapeutic purpose, it potentiate the effect of medication and prolong the time of drug effect compared with the control groups.
Atropine ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Miotics* ; Mydriatics* ; Pupil

Usual managements of flat anterior chamber following filtering surgery are deepening of anterior chamber using cycloplegics and mydriatics, and pressure patch technique compressing the fistula. But the pressure patch technique may worsen chamber depth problem because exact compression on the filtering area is difficult by pressure patching. Prolonged pressure patching may also cause deterioration of filtering function. The tampon with glaucoma shell provides enough resistance to excessive outflow, allows the anterior chamber to reform promptly, and can prevent choroidal separation. We treated the flat anterior chamber following trabeculectomy using glaucoma shell in 7 eyes. The anterior chamber in each eye was restored promptly within 2-4 days after the placement of glaucoma shell. Glaucoma shell is easy to handle, gives minimal discomfort to patient, and may need less time to restore flat anterior chamber than pressure patching.
Anterior Chamber* ; Choroid ; Filtering Surgery ; Fistula ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Mydriatics ; Trabeculectomy*

The hypotony with cyclodialysis after blunt trauma to the eye rarely happens and the cyclodialysis is diagnosed by finding the cleft in the anterior chamber anglel It is treated with cycloplegics conservatively or with surgery. In this study, the authors reviewed the hyphema, the onset of hypotony, the size of cyclodialysis cleft and transient scleral buckling that is one of the surgery in 7 eyes of 7 patients . The hyphema was seen in all cases after blunt trauma to the eyes and the duration between the trauma and the onset of hypotony was average 7.2 days. The traumatic cyclodialyses clefts were half an clock hour in 3 patients and 1 to 4 clock hours in 4 patients . Six patients had an initial conservative treatment, 3 patients required surgical treatment, scleral buckling, for 3 weeks for the full recovery of intraocular pressure.
Anterior Chamber ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Intraocular Pressure ; Mydriatics ; Scleral Buckling

We compared the differences of the intraocular pressure measured by the applanation and the Schiotz tonometer according to the ocular rigidity and its changes. We also did it by sex difference, age and the ocular rigidity range. The Korean 254 normal eyes, 12 aphakic eyes, 32 mydriatics treated eyes and 102 myopic eyes were examined. The intraocular perssure was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer and Schiotz indentation tonometer using the 5.5 gram and 10.0 gram plunger load successively. The ocular rigidity was estimated from the Moses and Becker table. The results were as follows: 1. The mean ocular rigidity of the male and the female Korean was 0.0157 and 0.0195, respectively. There was no significant differences between the two tonometric values. 2. There was no significant ocular rigidity changes according to ages, and there was no statistically significant differences between the two tonometric values, 3. There was no statistically significant differences between the two tonometric values according to the ocular rigidity range. 4. The mean ocular rigidity of normal eyes, aphakic eyes. mydriatics treated eyes and myopic eyes was 0.0183 0.0166, 0.0164 and 0.0170, respectively, and there was no significant differences between the two tonometric values in each groups.
Female ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Manometry* ; Mydriatics ; Sex Characteristics

PURPOSE: We compared the efficacy of applying mydriatics to the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid by using a cotton-tipped applicator with an eye-dropping method. METHODS: Thirty children under 16 years of age (60 eyes) and 30 adults more than 20 years old (60 eyes) were randomly chosen. Mydriatics were applied to each eye using an eye-dropping method for one eye and a conjunctival application method using a cotton-tipped applicator for the other eye. Pupil size was measured before applying mydriatics, immediately and at 30 and 60 minutes after application. Also, we investigated the degree of discomfort. RESULTS: In the children, the pupil size in the eye dropping group and the conjunctival application group were each 8.01+/-0.57 mm and 7.97+/-0.57 mm at 60 minutes after applying mydriatics (P=0.07). In the adults, the pupil size was 7.94+/-0.59 mm in the eye-dropping group and 7.89+/-0.55 mm in the conjunctival application group at 60 minutes after applying mydriatics (P=0.074). In terms of degree of discomfort, the adults found the conjunctival application method to be significantly more unpleasant than the eye-dropping method at each three applications (P=0.001, 0.001, 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The conjunctival application method using a cotton-tipped applicator has an equal effect in terms of mydriasis compared to the eye-dropping method. It is convenient to use in children and in the elderly who show less compliance. Also, this new method reduces systemic absorption of the medication. Therefore, the conjunctival application method is a good substitute for the conventional methods for mydriasis.
Absorption ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Compliance ; Conjunctiva ; Eye ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Mydriasis ; Mydriatics ; Pupil

A choroid detachment occurs most commonly after surgical operation for cataract, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. It is fairly characteristic for postoperative choroidal edema to be accompanied by hypotonia and a shallow anterior chamber. We have recently experienced 3 cases of choroid detachment after cataract operation, and acase of choroid detachment combined with retinal detachment after trabeculectomy. They were also accompanied by hypotonia and shallow anterior chamber, but had not would leakage. Among 4 cases, a case of choroid detachment was performed suprachoroidal tapping, the remaining were treated with prednisolone, cycloplegics, and pressure dressing. They were not of consequence and subsided without being noticed. A brief review of relating literatures was described.
Anterior Chamber ; Bandages ; Cataract ; Choroid* ; Edema ; Glaucoma ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Mydriatics ; Prednisolone ; Retinal Detachment ; Trabeculectomy

Phenylepherine HCI widely used as a mydriatic and vasoconstrictor, have been generally considered safe and innocuous. But hypertension caused by instillation of phenylepherine HCI is frequently reported, and even severe systemic adverse reactions, such as myocardial in farction, sudden death etc. are reported, recently. For the purpose of studying alteration of B.P. and systemic adverse reactions that are caused by instillation of phenylephrine HCI. we divided 42 patients into 2 groups; group 1 includes 20 patients who are instilled once a drop of 10% phenylephrine HCI viscous solution into the conjunctival cul-de-sac of bOth eyes, group 2 includes 22 patients who are instilled twice a drop at 2 minute intervals. We observed alteration of B.P. and systemic adverse reactions in both groups, next made a comparative study, and mydriatic effect too. The results was generally there was no severe reaction, but marked increase of B.P. that statistically significant was observed in 3 patients. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups. In mydriatic effect, the significant difference was not observed between the 2 groups or according to the age. When a clinician does its instillation, he should keep possible adverse reactions in mind. and especially in cardiac disease, hypertensjon, aneurysms, advanced arteriosclerosis, infants and the elderly etc., who have much chance of accompanying severe adverse reactions, he should use phenylepherine HCI cautiously. (this time it is desirable that he use low percentage of phenylepherine HCI).
Aged ; Aneurysm ; Arteriosclerosis ; Death, Sudden ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Infant ; Mydriatics ; Phenylephrine*

We have discussed regarding the general consideration on Uveitis. Although there are numberous research dissertation of many scholars on this Uveitis, their assertion on the known etiology are somewhat different with each other and most of their assertion are of unknown origin. Furthermore, the definition of the known origin are changing according to the epoch. For example, it has been defined due to Tb during 1900, Allergic during 1930, Brucellosis and Sarcoidosis during 1940 Toxoplasmesis during 1950 and Histoplasma during 1960. In this Uveitis there are many cases which lost sight already before the first medical examination and lost the sight during and/or after the treatment. Therefore, this Uveitis is disease which could not be neglected in ophthalmology. Recently, it seems remarkable that Toxoplasmosis and Behcet syndrome are growing in this country. Although they are using Steroid, mydriatics and antibiotics etc at the treatment, there are many rooms for reserch and development in this treatment. This Uveitis is disease of unknown origin and increasing/falling according to the mode of life, geographical location and cultural transition.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Behcet Syndrome ; Brucellosis ; Histoplasma ; Mydriatics ; Ophthalmology ; Sarcoidosis ; Toxoplasmosis ; Uveitis*

Puillary capture in an unusual complication of posterior chamber intraocuIar lens (PCL) implantation and may occur in the early or late postoperative period. An analysis of clinical records was made in 27 pupillary capture cases receiving PCL from Jan 1, 1986 to Mar. 31, 1990. Twenty-two cases (81.5%) were male, and five cases (18.5%) were female. Among the captured PCL, 6.0mm optic and 13.5mm length PCLs were most commonly implanted. All PCLs used in the study had lO degrees angulation of the IOL loops and asymmetric fixation of loop was noted in 5.9% of all pupillary catpure cases. The interval between cataract operation and pupillary capture was variable but most cases (81.5%) of pupillary capture were developed within one year after operation. The subjective symptoms and signs of pupillary capture were decreased vision, glare, double vision, conjunctival injection, tearing and discomfortness while 12 cases (44.4%) had no subjectIve symptoms The reposition of pupillary capture was successfully done by using mydriatics and miotics in 15 of 27 cases (55.6%) and surgical correction was needed in only 2 cases. The recurrence was developed in 53.3% of cases that were corrected with mydriatics Complictions of pupillary capture were iridocapsular or iridolenticular adhesion, atrophy and depigmentation of iris, transient iritis, and pupillary distortion.
Atrophy ; Cataract ; Diplopia ; Female ; Glare ; Humans ; Iris ; Iritis ; Male ; Miotics ; Mydriatics ; Postoperative Period ; Recurrence