BACKGROUND: There were disadvantages of animal models in the study of the relationship of muscle and skeleton. Recent study has been demonstrated the effect of Botulinum toxin type A to atrophy local muscle without influencing the surrounding muscle.OBJECTIVE: To construct a reasonable animal model of local muscle atrophy by local injection of Botulinum toxin type A.METHODS: Totally 25 male Wistar rats of 4 months were subjected to ketamine (0.2 mL/kg) and Sumianxin (0.2 mL/kg) by intramuscular injection. A 0.5-cm incision was made on the middle of dorsal femur to expose quadriceps femoris. Right quaddceps femods was injected with 2 Units (0.2 mL) of Botulinum toxin type A, and left quaddcaps femoris of the same rat with the same amount of saline as controls. At 1, 2, 4, 8, 8 weeks after injection, 5 rats were used to take gross observation and histological examination.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gross observation of the muscle tissue showed that, compared with self-controlled group, the volume and weight of the quadriceps femods were decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The histological examination of muscle tissue showed the atrophy of the quadricaps femods from expedmental group was more obvious, the muscle fiber become thin,and the nuclei of the muscle fiber assemble together, with small distance betWeen muscle fibers. Weight of the quadricaps femods treated with Botulinum toxin type A was decreased at 1 and 2 weeks. The increase in weight of muscle was slow among muscle at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The muscle weight showed an increased tendency in the saline side at vadous time points. Injecting Botulinum toxin type A into local muscle is a reasonable way to set up an experimental model of the atrophy of a destination muscle with strong practice, good repeatability, high stability, and may be used to examine the relationship of muscle and skeleton.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the toxicological effect of patulin(PAT)on the growth of human normal liver cells L-02 and its possible mechanisms. METHODS After cells were treated with PAT 1.25, 2.5,5,10 and 20μmol·L-1 for 24 or 48 h,cell viability was examined using MTT assay. L-02 cells were treated with PAT 5 and 10 μmol · L- 1 for 24 h ,respectively. Cytomorphology and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Apoptosis,MMP and reactive oxygen species (ROS)were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mitochondria apoptosis pathways were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS PAT exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on L-02 in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. IC50 of PAT treatment for 24 or 48 h was 6.61 and 2.78 μmol · L-1,respectively. MMP was decreased,while the percentage of low MMP cells increased from(9.2±2.3)%in controls to(23.4±4.5)%( PAT 5μmol·L-1)and(47.1±5.5)%(PAT 10μmol·L-1), respectively. Compared to untreated cells,the early apoptosis population increased from(3.8±1.1)%to(29.8±4.5)%( PAT 5μmol·L-1)and (24.1±6.2)%(PAT 10μmol·L-1)(P<0.01),respectively. Further?more,the accumulation of ROS was also observed. The effect of PAT on ROS and cell viabilities could be attenuated by glutathione. CONCLUSION PAT can significantly inhibit the growth of L-02 and induce apoptosis via ROS-dependent mitochondria pathways.

Studies on promoting thermogenesis of brown and beige adipose tissue have become a hot topic in various metabolic conditions, which based on the conclusions that brown and beige adipose tissue are able to facilitate weight loss and improve metabolic health.However, recent studies showed that there were several problems for the anti-obesity application via promoting brown/beige adipose tissue thermogenesis.In obese individuals, classical brown adipose tissue presents thermogenesis dysfunction.Moreover, the beige adipose tissue has significantly lower thermogenesis capability compared with brown adipose tissue.On such conditions, excessively excited sympathetic innervation is essential to increase energy consumption in obesity via increasing classic brown adipose thermogenesis and inducing white adipose tissue browning.However, excessive excited sympathetic nerve results in cardiovascular side effects.Additionally, excessive induction of white adipose tissue browning might disrupt the white adipose tissue homeostasis and aggravate the intrinsic metabolic disorders.Therefore, solving these practical application problems of brown/beige adipose tissue is a new research area for improving metabolic disorders.

Objective To study clinical application of femoral head exclusion after resection of pelvic tumors around acetabulum with less limb damage and complications.Methods From October 1999 to August 2009,18 patients with pelvic tumors around acetabalum (zone Ⅱ of Ennekingl were treated with tumor resection and femoral head exclusion,including 16 males and 2 females with an average age of 54 years(range,18-72).The diagnosis were chondrosarcoma(4 cases),osteosarcoma(2),giant cell tumor of bone(4),synoviosareoma(1),malignant fibrous histiocytoma(1),Ewing sarcoma(1),and metastatic carcinoma(5).Throe cases were treated by selective arterial embolization before operation and 4 cases by temporary block of lower abdominal aorta or common iliac arte.Regular follow-up in clinic was done to observe function of joint and radiographic imaging.Results All patients were followed up for 55 months(range,3-118).The mean surgical time was 170 min(range,120-350 min).The mean blood loss was 1200 ml(range,600-2200 ml).All wounds were healed without infection.One patient with osteosarcoma and 3 with metastatic carcinoma died of multiple organ metastases during 6 months to 2 years after operation.The others had no local relapse.The mean limb discrepancy was 5.0 cm (range,2.0-7.5 cm).The mean Enneking score was 23 (range,20-27).All patients needed custom-made shoes with heightened heel of 2-3 cm.Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was not found in radiographic images.Eight cases had formed artificial acetabulum.One case had gentle lumbar scoliosis.Conclusion The clinical application of femoral head exclusion after resection of pelvic tumors around acetabulum had low complications,less pain,low relapse,better function in the recent period.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection episode and related risk factors in continuous hemodialysis patients. METHODS The relationship among infection and etiologies of infection,nutritional status,pathogens and causes of chronic renal failure(CRF) were retrospectively analyzed in 180 continuous hemodialysis patients. RESULTS Totally 113 times infections were observed among the 86 inpatients under continuous hemodialysis.The main infectious site in hemodialysis patients was lungs.Thirty eight times were positive in 50 times of etiologic detection,Gram-negative germ was the most common(60.3%).Hemoglobin and serum albumin decreased obviously in infectious patients.Diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus patients were more susceptible to infection.The hepatitis virus infections rate in hemodialysis patients was relatively high. CONCLUSIONS There is higher infections rate in continuous hemodialysis patients.Diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus patients are more susceptible to infection.Anemia,lower serum albumin,old age and bad compliance are the susceptible factors.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and effects of endoscopic surgical treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with veitebral osteochondrosis.Methods From June 2008 to December 2015,276 cases of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with vertebral osteochondrosis were treated with endoscopic surgery,including 185 men and 91 women,with an average 39.2 years old (range,16-65 years old).The involved level included L2.3 in 2 cases,L3.4 in 9 cases,L4,5 in 126 cases and L5S1 in 139 cases.On preoperative axial CT,the diameter of ossification was more than half of the transverse or sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in 89 cases,and no more than half of the transverse and sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in 187 cases.All patients were operated on the side with serious symptom,181 cases were operated with mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED),and 95 cases were operated with percutaneous endoscopic surgery,including percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) in 61 cases and the percutaneous interlaminar endoscopic discectomy (PIED) in 34 cases.The operation and complications were analyzed.Results The soft herniation,broken disc material and the periphery of compressing ossification were removed under the endoscope in all cases,until the nerve was well decompressed.However,the ossification was not complete resected.Dural sac tear occurred in 3 cases of MMED.In the early stage of PTED,2 cases converted to MMED because of intraoperative pain and difficulty,and one case had exiting nerve root injury.At the final follow-up of 12-60 months (average,20.6 months),visual analogue scale decreased from preoperative 8.5±1.2 to 1.0±0.9,Oswestry disability index decreased from preoperative 40.2±8.6 to 3.1±3.0.According to Macnab scale,the results were excellent in 89,good in 154 cases,moderate in 33 cases.Conclusion For most lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with vertebral osteochondrosis,good results can be achieve by removal of herniated and broken intervertebral disc and decompression of nerve with endoscope.Therefore,we speculate that the soft disc herniation and spinal stenosis are main pathogenic factors,and that the complete resection of ossification is not needed.

Objective:To evaluate the value and efficacy of self-anchored anterior lumbar discectomy and fusion (SA-ALDF) for L 5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. Methods:From June 2018 to December 2019, a total of 11 cases of L 5 isthmic spondylolisthesis were treated with SA-ALDF, including 4 men and 7 women, aged 43.2±12.6 (range 29-63) years. All patients had intractable low back pain aggravating during standing activities and alleviating during rest, without lower extremity radicular symptoms. Imaging examination showed bilateral isthmus cleft of L 5 with spondylolisthesis of 1 degree in 10 cases and 2 degree in 1 case according to Meyerding grading system. Under general anesthesia and supine French position, transverse 6 cm incision was made. Then, the L 5S 1 intervertebral disc was exposed via extraperitoneal approach between the bifurcation of abdominal aorta and vena cava. The intervertebral disc was sufficiently removed. The intervertebral space was released and distracted followed by canal ventral decompression and sequential mold testing. Suitable self-anchoring cage filled with auto iliac cancellous bone was implanted to restore intervertebral height and lordosis as well as reduction of spondylolisthesis. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the distal anchoring plate was knocked into the sacrum followed by direct reduction and proximal anchoring plate locking in the L 5 vertebral body. The patients were followed up for 12.1±4.7 (range 6-18) months. The visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI) were evaluated. The reduction and fusion were evaluated on the X-ray films. Furthermore, the rate of spondylolisthesis, the height and the lordosis of intervertebral space were measured. Results:The operation was performed successfully in all the patients with operation duration 90±18 (range 70-120) min, intraoperative blood loss 30±16 (range 10-60) ml. No severe complication such as nerve and blood vessel injury occurred. All patients experienced alleviation of symptom during follow-up. X-rays confirmed that the spondylolisthesis and alignment were recovered obviously without obvious cage displacement. However, the loss of reduction was 63.2% for the grade 2 spondylolisthesis. At the final follow-up, VAS decreased from 6.1±2.1 to 0.9±0.5, ODI decreased from 43.6%±14.2% to 6.0%±3.4%. The spondylolisthesis recovered from 17.7%±10.3% to 8.0%±7.2% with reduction rate of 54.8%±21.6%. The interverbral height recovered from 6.4±2.1 mm to 9.8±3.9 mm and intervertebral lordosis recovered from 4.8°±2.9° to 9.6°±4.7°.Conclusion:SA-ALDF can provide satisfactory outcomes for selected L 5 isthmic spondylolisthesis of degree 1 without neurological compromise. However, its mechanical stability may be insufficient for isthmic spondylolisthesis of degree 2.

Aim To investigate Jaridonin′s selective killing of cancer cells and explore the related molecular mechanism. Methods After treatment by Jaridonin for 24 h, the effect of Jaridonin on the cell viability was examined using MTT assay. The effect of Jaridonin on cytomorphology and mitochondrial membrane poten-tial (Δψm) was observed by a fluorescence microsco-py. The apoptosis of cell lines treated with Jaridonin, as well as the level of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of the pro-teins related with mitochondria apoptosis pathways was detected by Western blot. Results Jaridonin caused strong antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on MGC-803 cells, but there were not remarkable effects on GES-1 cells. Furthermore, the expression of Bax was up-regulated, and the release of cytochrome c from mi-tochondria to cytosol was also promoted in MGC-803 cells treated by Jaridonin. The cleavage of caspase-3 in MGC-803 cells was also observed. Jaridonin increased persistently intracellular levels of ROS in MGC-803 cells, whereas the level of ROS in GES-1 rose in the first stage, and then decreased, and dropped to the basic level after 6 h. More interestingly, Jaridonin-in-duced ROS accumulation and the inhibition of MGC-803 cell proliferation were almost completely attenuated in the presence of GSH. Conclusions Jaridonin se-lectively kills cancer cells and induces apoptosis in MGC-803 through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dam-age.

Abstract: Objective To analyze the resistance and spatial distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to six commonly used anti-tuberculosis drugs in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2019, so as to provide a reference for tuberculosis treatment and drug-resistant tuberculosis control. Methods A total of 1 182 identified strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2019 were collected, and 6 anti-tuberculosis drugs were subjected to drug susceptibility tests and strain confirmed by the proportional method. By means of ArcMap10.7 and SaTScan10.1 software, map visualization, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial scanning of MTB drug resistance were performed to identify MTB drug resistance clusters in Qinghai Province. Results From 2016 to 2019, the total drug resistance (TDR) rate of 1 182 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Qinghai Province was 23.77% (281/1 182), with a mono-resistance (MR) rate of 11.08% (131/1 182), a poly-resistance (PDR) rate of 3.89% (46/1 182), a multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate of 8.80% (104/1 182), and an extensive drug resistance (XDR) rate of 0.85% (10/1 182). The rates of MDR, XDR and TDR all showed a decreasing trend year by year (P<0.01). The drug resistance spectrum displayed 21 combinations. The TDR rate and MDR rate in the retreatment patients were higher than those of the initial treated patients, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 TDR=22.784, χ2MDR=45.082, P<0.01). In terms of demographic characteristics, the TDR rate in males was higher than that in females, and the middle-aged group was higher than other age groups, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=7.541, 10.825, P<0.05). The results of global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in the autocorrelation and obvious spatial clustering of MTB drug resistance in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2019 (P>0.05), which indicated a random distribution. The results of spatiotemporal scanning showed that there was a kind of clustering area, but the clustering effect was not significant (P>0.05), indicating a random distribution. Conclusions The TDR of MTB in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2019 showed a downward trend year by year. In comparison with the national average, the rate of multi-drug resistance and extensive drug resistance was still high, and most of the multi-drug resistance resulted from rifampicin and isoniazid. The drugresistant population mainly consisted of retreatment, males, and young and middle-aged pop

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical effects of thoracic endoscopic-assisted anterior-lateral decompression and fusion for thoracolumbar or upper lumbar disc herniation (LDH) associated with vertebral osteochondrosis (VO).Methods:From December 2017 to December 2019, 10 patients of thoracolumbar or upper LDH associated with VO were treated with thoracic endoscopic-assisted anterior-lateral decompression and fusion, including 6 men and 4 women, with an average 49.2 years old (range, 37 to 65 years old). The involved levels included T 12L 1 in 5 cases, L 1, 2 in 2 cases and L 2, 3 in 3 cases. There were 4 cases of simple thoracolumbar or upper LDH associated with VO and 6 cases of thoracolumbar or upper LDH associated with VO combined with ligamentum flavum hyperplasia and ossification or kyphosis (combined with posterior decompression and internal fixation or posterior correction surgery). The visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and anterior and posterior height of intervertebral space were evaluated at follow-up. The clinical effects were evaluated according to the modified MacNab criteria. Results:The operation was performed successfully in all the patients. During the operation, the herniated disc and ossification were clearly exposed and completely removed, with the sufficient decompression of spinal cord, nerve root and dural sac. The operation duration was 115.4±23.8 minutes (range, 70 to 180 mins). Intraoperative bleed loss was 122.6±21.3 ml (range, 40 to 310 ml). The patients were followed up for averagely 21.6 months (range, 12 to 36 months). At the final follow-up, VAS score decreased from preoperative 7.2±1.9 to 1.8±1.1, and ODI decreased from preoperative 64.3%±13.9% to 16.3%±5.1% ( P<0.05). The anterior height of intervertebral space recovered from preoperative 7.8±1.5 mm to 11.9±2.3 mm, and the posterior height of intervertebral space recovered from preoperative 4.5±1.1 mm to 7.4±1.6 mm ( P<0.05). According to modified MacNab criteria, the results were excellent in 9 cases and good in 1 case. Conclusion:For thoracolumbar or upper LDH associated with VO, thoracic endoscopic-assisted anterior-lateral decompression and fusion provided clear vision of the surgical field, fully exposed and completely removed the herniated disc and ossification, which achieved satisfactory short-term results.