Using standard WHO methodology, this study investigated the susceptibility of 4(th) instar Aedes aegypti (L) and Culex annulirostris (Skuse) larvae to three extracts from Callitris glaucophylla (J. Thompson & L. Johnson) (1: steam distillation extract, 2: liquefied refrigerant gas extract, and 3: methanol reflux extract), lambda-cyhalothrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and fenitrothion (an organophosphorous insecticide). Cx. annulirostris was significantly more susceptible than Ae. aegypti to all tested chemicals except lambda-cyhalothrin. Responses to the three C. glaucophylla extracts were exceptional for a botanical compound: Cx. annulirostris (LC(50) = 0.23, 9.53 and 38.95 mg/L) and Ae. aegypti (LC(50) = 0.69, 5.21 and 306.43 mg/L). Both Cx. annulirostris and Ae. aegypti larvae were significantly more susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (LC(50) = 0.00013 and 0.00016 mg/L) than fenitrothion (LC(50) = 0.0009 and 0.004 mg/L). As expected, the pyrethroid and organophosphorous insecticides were far more potent than the crude C. glaucophylla extracts. The steam distilled extract was fractionated and the major components guaiol and citronellic acid were identified and tested. Activities for these major components were lower than observed for the distillate. Minor components include lactones such as eldanolide, and future testing of minor components may indicate the active component.
mg/L ; Aedes aegypti ; Culex annulirostris ; cyhalothrin ; Insecticides

BACKGROUND: In severe chronic stages of emphysema the only treatment is lung transplantation. SO, an urgent need exists for the development of effective treatments. Stem cells therapy arises as a new therapeutic approach. AIM OF THE WORK: To investigate whether bone marrow mononuclar cells (BMMNCs) can promote lung regeneration and decrease apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pulmonary emphysema in C57Bl/6 mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 14 weeks old female mice (C57Bl/6), weighing around 25 g were used in this study. The mice were divided into 4 groups (10 in each group): group A: mice received no treatment, group B: mice received intranasal instillation of LPS with no further treatment, group C: mice received intranasal instillation of LPS then given a dose of BMMNCs and evaluated 21 days later and group D: the mice that received intranasal instillation of LPS then given a dose of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and evaluated 21 days later. Imaging analysis was done using imagej program. To measure apoptotic index, Anti-caspase 3 polyclonal antibody staining was done. RESULTS: Analysis of the mean of airspace equivalent diameters (D0) and its statistical distribution (D1) for the different groups allowed to observe that group treated with BMMNCs (group C) showed the significant improvement in D0 and D1 than the group received LPS only (group B). Analysis of apoptotic index showed significant difference between BMMNCs treated group (group C) and that received LPS only (group B). CONCLUSIONS: BMMNCs effectively promote lung regeneration and reduction of apoptosis in pulmonary emphysema.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Bone Marrow* ; Emphysema ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Transplantation ; Lung* ; Mice ; Pulmonary Emphysema* ; Regeneration* ; Stem Cells