OBJECTIVE: Elimination eforts for lymphatic flariasis are underway in the Philippines using mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole as one of the main strategies. This cost analysis was done to determine the MDA implementation cost and provide useful information to the control programme on how to best utilize limited resources.

METHODS: This cost analysis study was conducted in the province of Sorsogon, Philippines in 2004. The study was done from a program perspective. Cost data for 2003 was obtained retrospectively via key informant interviews and records review using a standardized guide from a multi-country cost analysis study of flariasis elimination programs. Cost fgures were classifed as either economic or fnancial costs and expressed in real terms using 2002 as base year. Sensitivity analysis was likewise performed.

RESULTS: The total economic cost and cost per person treated with MDA were estimated at US$223,549.55 (Php12,116,385.48) and US$0.40, respectively. The fnancial costs were less than half of the economic costs. The main cost driver was drug distribution. The highest economic and fnancial costs were incurred at the national (54.5%) and municipal (74.4%) levels, respectively. High variation in costs of MDA activities was observed.

CONCLUSION: This cost analysis provides reasonable estimates which may be used to assist government and other stakeholders in program planning and resource generation for flariasis elimination programs in endemic areas.

Diethylcarbamazine ; Albendazole ; Philippines ; Mass Drug Administration ; Costs And Cost Analysis ; Health Resources ; Lymphatic Vessel ; Elephantiasis, Filarial

Adult ; Calcinosis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Cysts ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Vessel Tumors ; pathology ; Mucocele ; pathology ; Parasitic Diseases ; pathology ; Spleen ; diagnostic imaging ; Splenectomy ; Splenic Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Coronary artery diseases in childhood are much less frequently seen than in adulthood. Kawasaki disease is the most prevalent cause of coronary diseases in children. Other significant diseases have congenital origin. These are the coronary arterial fistula and the anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Congenital coronary arterial fistulas are rare anomalies. Coronary arterial anatomy can be diagnosed correctly on the echocardiogram. The origin, course, and termination of coronary arterial fistula have to be well demonstrated. Coronary arterial fistulas have been managed by surgical ligation. In recent years, transcatheter coil embolization has been employed with good results. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is rare. According to clinical pattern, infantile type and adult type can be classified. It may result in myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and sometimes death during the early infantile period. It is more rare in the adulthood. Coronary angiography establishes the diagnosis. There are several surgical options including reimplantation of the left main coronary into the aorta. Early surgical correction is important to preserve cardiac function. Kawasaki disease is an acquired and acute self-limited vasculitis of childhood. Kawasaki disease is characterized by fever, bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, changes in the extremities, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia can develop in untreated children. Intravenous gamma globulin and aspirin were the standard therapy. Recently incomplete Kawasaki disease has been frequently diagnosed. New guidelines have developed in Japan and United States of America.
Adult ; Americas ; Aneurysm ; Aorta ; Aspirin ; Child ; Conjunctivitis ; Coronary Aneurysm ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Erythema ; Exanthema ; Extremities ; Fever ; Fistula ; gamma-Globulins ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Japan ; Ligation ; Lip ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; Myocardial Infarction ; Pulmonary Artery ; Replantation ; United States ; Vascular Fistula ; Vasculitis

Coronary artery diseases in childhood are much less frequently seen than in adulthood. Kawasaki disease is the most prevalent cause of coronary diseases in children. Other significant diseases have congenital origin. These are the coronary arterial fistula and the anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Congenital coronary arterial fistulas are rare anomalies. Coronary arterial anatomy can be diagnosed correctly on the echocardiogram. The origin, course, and termination of coronary arterial fistula have to be well demonstrated. Coronary arterial fistulas have been managed by surgical ligation. In recent years, transcatheter coil embolization has been employed with good results. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is rare. According to clinical pattern, infantile type and adult type can be classified. It may result in myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and sometimes death during the early infantile period. It is more rare in the adulthood. Coronary angiography establishes the diagnosis. There are several surgical options including reimplantation of the left main coronary into the aorta. Early surgical correction is important to preserve cardiac function. Kawasaki disease is an acquired and acute self-limited vasculitis of childhood. Kawasaki disease is characterized by fever, bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, changes in the extremities, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia can develop in untreated children. Intravenous gamma globulin and aspirin were the standard therapy. Recently incomplete Kawasaki disease has been frequently diagnosed. New guidelines have developed in Japan and United States of America.
Adult ; Americas ; Aneurysm ; Aorta ; Aspirin ; Child ; Conjunctivitis ; Coronary Aneurysm ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Erythema ; Exanthema ; Extremities ; Fever ; Fistula ; gamma-Globulins ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Japan ; Ligation ; Lip ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; Myocardial Infarction ; Pulmonary Artery ; Replantation ; United States ; Vascular Fistula ; Vasculitis

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; Adenomatoid Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Adenomyoma ; pathology ; Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived ; metabolism ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Calbindin 2 ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Leiomyoma ; pathology ; Lymphatic Vessel Tumors ; metabolism ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Uterine Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Young Adult