OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in treating chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Hong Kong. METHODS: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial design was adopted. Participants meeting inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a treatment and a control group according to 1:1 ratio, resulting in an effective sample size of 99, with 50 and 49 patients in treatment and control group respectively. The same set of acupuncture points, which were selected according to traditional Chinese medicine theories, was applied in both groups, while conventional needle acupuncture was applied in treatment group and sham acupuncture (without skin penetration) was applied in control group. Schedule of treatment was the same in both groups, i.e. twice a week for 4 weeks. Key outcome measures were Chalder's Fatigue Scale, diagnostic criteria for CFS of the US's Centre for Disease Control and SF-12 health-related quality of life (HQOL) questionnaire. Adverse events, if any, were recorded. RESULTS: Improvements in physical and mental fatigue and HQOL in both groups were observed, but the improvements in treatment group were significantly bigger than in control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture is a safe, effective treatment for CFS.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to compare the performance of machine learning methods for the prediction of the medical costs associated with spinal fusion in terms of profit or loss in Taiwan Diagnosis-Related Groups (Tw-DRGs) and to apply these methods to explore the important factors associated with the medical costs of spinal fusion. METHODS: A data set was obtained from a regional hospital in Taoyuan city in Taiwan, which contained data from 2010 to 2013 on patients of Tw-DRG49702 (posterior and other spinal fusion without complications or comorbidities). Naïve-Bayesian, support vector machines, logistic regression, C4.5 decision tree, and random forest methods were employed for prediction using WEKA 3.8.1. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty-two cases were categorized as belonging to the Tw-DRG49702 group. The mean medical cost was US $4,549.7, and the mean age of the patients was 62.4 years. The mean length of stay was 9.3 days. The length of stay was an important variable in terms of determining medical costs for patients undergoing spinal fusion. The random forest method had the best predictive performance in comparison to the other methods, achieving an accuracy of 84.30%, a sensitivity of 71.4%, a specificity of 92.2%, and an AUC of 0.904. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the random forest model can be employed to predict the medical costs of Tw-DRG49702, and could inform hospital strategy in terms of increasing the financial management efficiency of this operation.
Area Under Curve ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Dataset ; Decision Trees ; Diagnosis-Related Groups ; Financial Management ; Forests ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Machine Learning ; Methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spinal Fusion ; Support Vector Machine ; Taiwan

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke and the exclusion criteria of rt-PA has been revised to extend its application. However, in Taiwan, National Health Insurance (NHI) did not follow the latest international consensus due to safety concerns. The present study investigated whether extending the application of rt-PA in Taiwan was safe and effective. The medical records from the Shuang Ho hospital stroke registry between August 2009 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Post rt-PA intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3-month after stroke were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Differences were analyzed through Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, there were 243 patients categorized into two groups: NHI exclusion criteria adherence (n = 160) and non-adherence (n = 83). There was no significant difference in the risk of post rt-PA ICH (12.50% in adherence group, 4.82% in non-adherence group, p=0.07). Among the non-adherence group, 10 patients breached the latest international exclusion criteria and none of them experienced post rt-PA ICH. However, among patients with moderately severe stroke, the odds of mRS < 2 at 3-month were significantly lower in non-adherence group. This study demonstrated that extending administration of rt-PA in Taiwan was safe but the functional outcome after moderate stroke was not as favorable as adherence group. Old age, long onset-to-treatment time and less efficacy of lower dose of rt-PA were the possible factors for the difference in outcome.

BACKGROUND: Maximal expiratory flow rate is determined by the size of airway, the elastic recoil pressure and the collapsibility of airway in the lung, and one of major functional impairments of emphysema, which represents COPD, is the obstruction of expiratory flow. Neverthless, expiratory narrowing of upper airway may be recruited as a mechanism for minimizing airway collapse, and maintaining lung volume and hyperinflation by an endogenous positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with airflow obstruction. We investigated the physiologic role of trachea in respiration in emphysema. METHOD: We collected 20 patients with emphysema (which was diagnosed by radiologic and physio logic criteria) from January to August in 1997 at Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital, and chest roentgenogram, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT), and pulmonary function tests including arterial blood gas analysis and body plethysmography were done from each patient. Cross-sectional area of trachea was measured according to the respiratory cycle on the level of aortic arch by HRCT and calibrated with body surface area. We compared this calibrated area with such parameters of pulmonary function tests as PaCO2, PaO2, airway resistance, lung compliance and so on. RESULTS: Expiratory cross-sectional area of trachea has significant correlation with PaCO2 (r=-0.61, p<0.05), PaO2 (r=0.6, p<0.05), and minute ventilation (r=0.73, p<0.05), but inspiratory cross-sectional area doesn't (r=-0.22, p>0.05 with PaCO2, r=0.26, p>0.05 with PaO2, and r=0.44, p>0.05 with minute ventilation). Minute ventilation has significant correlation with tidal volume (r=0.45, p<0.05), but it doesn't have significant correlation with respiratory frequency (r=-0.31, p>0.05). Cross-sectional area of trachea doesn't have any significant correlation with other parameters of pulmonary function such as FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow, residual volume, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, and lung compliance, whether the area is expiratory or inspiratory. CONCLUSION: Cross-sectional area of trachea narrowed during expiration in emphysema and its expiratory area has significant correlation with PaCO2, PaO2, and minute ventilation.
Airway Resistance ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Body Surface Area ; Emphysema ; Humans ; Logic ; Lung ; Lung Compliance ; Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate ; Plethysmography ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Residual Volume ; Respiration ; Respiratory Function Tests* ; Seoul ; Thorax ; Tidal Volume ; Trachea ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: Whether tamoxifen affects the risk of neurodegenerative disease is controversial. This nationwide population-based study investigated the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with tamoxifen treatment in female patients with breast cancer using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. METHODS: A total of 5,185 and 5,592 female patients with breast cancer who did and did not, respectively, receive tamoxifen treatment between 2000 and 2009 were included in the study. Patients who subsequently developed PD were identified. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of PD between the aforementioned groups. RESULTS: Tamoxifen did not significantly increase the crude rate of developing PD in female patients with breast cancer (tamoxifen group, 16/5,169; non-tamoxifen group, 11/5,581; p=0.246). Tamoxifen did not significantly increase the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for subsequently developing PD (aHR, 1.310; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.605–2.837; p=0.494). However, tamoxifen significantly increased the risk of PD among patients followed up for more than 6 years (aHR, 2.435; 95% CI, 1.008–5.882; p=0.048). CONCLUSION: Tamoxifen treatment may increase the risk of PD in Taiwanese female patients with breast cancer more than 6 years after the initiation of treatment.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Female* ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Parkinson Disease* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Tamoxifen*

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important cellular component of the bone marrow microenvironment in supporting hemopoiesis. Li J et al reported previously that MSCs are resistant to chemotherapy commonly used in hematologic malignancies but are relatively sensitive to anti-microtubule agents. However, the response of MSCs to other chemotherapeutic agents commonly used in solid tumour settings remains unknown. This study was purposed to evaluate the acute direct effects of 4 individual chemotherapeutic agents on human MSCs (hMSC), including cisplatin, topotecan, daunorubicin and hydroxyurea. Using an in vitro culture system, the chemosensitivity of hMSC was determined by XTT assay and compared with NB-4 cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). The recovery of cell numbers following exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and apoptosis induced by chemotherapy in hMSC were evaluated. The results showed that although hMSCs were more resistant to the 4 agents above mentioned than NB-4 cells, they were sensitive to topotecan, cisplatin and daunorubicin than PBMNCs. The IC₅₀ values of hMSCs for topotecan, cisplatin, hydroxyurea and daunorubicin were 636, 24.8, > 20 and 2.4 times of those of NB-4 cells respectively. The IC₅₀ values of human PBMNCs for topotecan, cisplatin and daunorubicin were > 27, 1.9 and 1.4 times of those of hMSCs respectively. Reduction of cell number was observed in hMSCs treated with the 4 drugs in clinically relative concentrations. Sustained suppression in hMSCs was observed following 3 days exposure to the 4 agents. It is concluded that the cisplatin, topotecan, daunorubicin and hydroxyurea alone can induce apoptosis of hMSCs and exert persistent suppressive effect on the proliferation of hMSCs even with short term exposure.
Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cisplatin ; pharmacology ; Daunorubicin ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea ; pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Topotecan ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVEThis study was designed to investigate the correlation factors for occurrence and progression-free survival of patients with cavitating lung cancer.

METHODSWe collected the clinical data of 947 lung cancer patients. Tumor cavitation was observed in 51 patients at baseline and in 23 patients after treatment, while was not discovered in other 873 patients. Multifactor logistic regression was performed to analyze the correlation factors for occurrence. The independent predictors of PFS were analyzed with Cox proportional regression. Survival curves were constructed with the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared using the log-rank test.

RESULTSIn the 947 cases, the proportion of cases with baseline cavitation was 5.4% and the incidence of cavitation after treatment was 2.6%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of baseline cavitation is related to age, history of diabetes, history of drinking, pathologic types, tumor location, tumor diameter and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). Multifactor logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of post-therapeutic cavitation is related to sex, pathologic types and tumor diameter (P < 0.05).The median PFS of patients with baseline cavitation (7.3 months) was significantly longer than the cases without it (5.2 months) (P = 0.002). While there was no significant difference between the median PFS of patients with post-therapeutic cavitation and patients without it (5.1 months vs. 5.3 months, P = 0.060). Cox proportional regression analysis revealed that cyfra21-1 is related to PFS of patients with baseline cavitaion (P < 0.05) and smoking history is related to PFS of patients with post-therapeutic cavitaion (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPatients with baseline and post-therapeutic cavitation present different clinical features and progression-free survivals. The PFS of patients with baseline cavitation is longer than that of the cases without it. On the contrary, PFS of patients with post-therapeutic cavitation is shorter than the patients without it.

Antigens, Neoplasm ; metabolism ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Keratin-19 ; metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; therapy ; Regression Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVEThe Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASP) gene. The disease is characterized by recurrent infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenia with small platelets, and it is known to be associated with extensive clinical variability, and mutation studies indicated that genotypes are also highly variant among WAS patients. The present study was conducted to identify the mutation types of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) gene in 3 boys suffering from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

METHODSBased on the typical clinical manifestations of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome including thrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections and scanning electron micrographs, 3 patients were suspected of having WAS. The WASP gene of the 3 patients and their mothers were detected by PCR-direct sequencing analysis.

RESULTSBy sequence analysis using sense and antisense primer separately, the authors found two novel WASP gene mutations. For the twin brothers, a C deletion at nucleotide 984 was detected in exon 10 of WASP gene (984delC). The consequence of the C deletion involved frameshift mutation after H317 and premature stop at 444 (H317fsX444). Their mother was a carrier of the mutated WASP gene. For another WAS patient, a nonsense mutation with nucleotide substitution of G to T at position 1388 (1388G-->T) in exon 11 of WASP gene, led to premature translational termination at amino acid position 452 (E452X). His mother had not been found to have WASP gene mutation.

CONCLUSIONGenetic analysis is useful in definite diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients and in carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, especially of atypical or sporadic WAS patients.

Blood Platelets ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Exons ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Lymphocytes ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins ; genetics ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein

Background: Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies of female cats. FMC is highly metastatic and thus leads to poor disease outcomes. Among all metastases, liver metastasis occurs in about 25% of FMC patients. However, the mechanism underlying hepatic metastasis of FMC remains largely uncharacterized. Results: Herein, we demonstrate that FMC-derived extracellular vesicles (FMC-EVs) promotes the liver metastasis of FMC by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to prime a hepatic premetastatic niche (PMN). Moreover, we provide evidence that sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) delivered by FMC-EV was pivotal for the activation of HSC and the formation of hepatic PMN. Depletion of SK1 impaired cargo sorting in FMC-EV and the EV-potentiated HSC activation, and abol‑ ished hepatic colonization of FMC cells. Conclusions Taken together, our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized mechanism underlying liver-metas‑ tasis of FMC and provide new insights into prognosis and treatment of this feline malignancy.

Background/Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with diabetes. The cumulative impact of both diseases synergistically increases risk of adverse events. However, present population analysis is predominantly conducted with reference to non-NAFLD individuals and has not yet examined the impact of prediabetes. Hence, we sought to conduct a retrospective analysis on the impact of diabetic status in NAFLD patients, referencing non-diabetic NAFLD individuals. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 was used. Hepatic steatosis was defined with United States Fatty Liver Index (US-FLI) and FLI at a cut-off of 30 and 60 respectively, in absence of substantial alcohol use. A multivariate generalized linear model was used for risk ratios of binary outcomes while survival analysis was conducted with Cox regression and Fine Gray model for competing risk. Results: Of 32,234 patients, 28.92% were identified to have NAFLD. 36.04%, 38.32% and 25.63% were non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic respectively. Diabetic NAFLD significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, chronic kidney disease, all-cause and CVD mortality compared to non-diabetic NAFLD. However, prediabetic NAFLD only significantly increased the risk of CVD and did not result in a higher risk of mortality. Conclusions Given the increased risk of adverse outcomes, this study highlights the importance of regular diabetes screening in NAFLD and adoption of prompt lifestyle modifications to reduce disease progression. Facing high cardiovascular burden, prediabetic and diabetic NAFLD individuals can benefit from early cardiovascular referrals to reduce risk of CVD events and mortality.