Objective To investigate the incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of acute-on-chronic renal failure (A/C) . Methods Clinical data from all patients diagnosed as A/C by clinical materials and renal biopsy for a 12-year period (Jan, 1990 to Dec, 2001) were collected, and the cause of acute renal failure (ARF), relationship between cause and underlying renal diseases and factors affecting prognosis were analyzed. Results One hundred and four A/C patients accounted for 35. 5% of biopsied ARF cases during the same period. Acute interstitial Aubulointerstitial disease, increased activity of lupus nephritis (LN) and idiopathic ARF in nephrotic syndrome (NS) were the most common causes of ARF in A/C. And 39 A/C cases (35.6% ) were drug-related. Offending drugs were mostly antibiotics, non-steroid anti- inflammatory drugs or combination of them. Idiopathic ARF was commonly seen in minimal change diseases with ARF. Flare-up of underlying diseases was mostly occurred in LN patients. The causes of 9 malignant hypertension cases were IgA nephropathy, sclerotic nephritis and so on. The mortality of this group was 1. 9% (2 cases): one patient died of multiple organ failure resulted from basal disease; the other suffered from sudden death of unknown reason. Thirty-nine cases needed renal replacement therapy, and after 28. 5 days' treatment on the average, 23 of them did not need dialysis any more. Serum creatinine (Scr) returned to normal level in 48 patients (46. 2% ) when discharged. Twenty-one cases had been diagnosed before consulting to our department. Among them, 15 cases (71. 4% ) were diagnosed as "chronic renal failure . Multivariate Logistic regressive analysis showed that hypertension, dialysis therapy and high Scr level indicated poor renal prognosis. Conclusions A/C is an common part of ARF. Being aware of adverse effects of drugs (especially for elders), decreasing the activity of connective tissue diseases, controlling the blood pressure and keeping proper circulating volume are very important for patients with chronic renal diseases. After reasonable therapy, most patients' renal function can be improved. Early correct diagnosis and treatment are important.

Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART) peptides are endogenous neurotransmitters with important roles in a number of physiological and pathological processes in vivo.Many studies suggested that CART is widely distributed in the central nervous system,and it has some central protective effects.This article reviews the recent progress in research on the protective effect of CART on cerebral ischemia and its mechanisms.

ObjectiveTo determine the current students' social anxiety status and maternal factors in school students( grade 5-7) in Harbin,and provided scientific guidance relevant to students'social anxiety.Methods 1526 mother-child pairs collected by random cluster sampling,children completed the social anxiety scale for children (SASC),security scale,coping strategies questionnaire( consist of ambivalence and avoidance subscale),acceptance scale and psychological control scale,and mothers completed the center for epidemiologic studies depression inventory (CES-D),self-rating anxiety scale (SAS).ResultsThe total positive detection rate of social anxiety was 13.6％,there was no significantly difference between boys and girls (P ＞ 0.05) ; the positive detection rate of Grade 6 was higher than Grade 5 and Grade 7.There were positive correlation between social anxiety and mother's psychological control,mother's depression,mother's anxiety ( r =0.228,0.143,0.122) ; negative correlation with mother's acceptance( r =-0.214).Linear regression indicated that only three variables (mother's psychological control,mother's acceptance,mother's depression) were at the P ＜ 0.05 level.The regression coefficients for the three variables were 1.557,- 1.092 and 0.040,respectively.ConclusionMaternal highly psychological control,lowly acceptance and maternal anxiety depression all play a role in promoting the occurrence of students' social anxiety.

ObjectiveTo analyze the internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) intervent medical university students' social anxiety,and provide experiences and theoretical basis for future social anxiety interventions.Methods45 medical students of social anxiety were voluntarily divided into the one-to-one intervention group,one-to-five intervention group and control group.The control group did not intervene,one-to-one intervention group and one-to-five intervention group were interfered single person or team by cognitive behavioral therapy,respectively.The level and symptom of social anxiety of the 3 groups were assessed before and after the intervention by social phobia inventory(SPIN) and Social anxiety symptoms interview inventory.ResultsAfter the intervention,the scores of SPIN and the 3 subscales within it (fear,avoidance and physiological) of one-to-one ICBT group and one-to-five ICBT group were lower than those of the control group (SPIN scores:one-to-one ICBT group 15.60 ±7.87,one-to-five ICBT group 14.87 ± 8.83,control group 20.20 ± 11.46).Variance analysis showed that,in addition to physiological subscale(F =0.641,P ＞ 0.05 ),the scores of SPIN,fear and avoidance subscales had significant differences among the3 groups (F=3.764,P=0.018; F=3.606,P=0.021 ; F=5.444,P=0.005).In the analysis of participants'social anxiety symptoms,after treatment,in one-to-one ICBT group,there was 1 participant changed into subthreshold social anxiety and 1 participant into normal in the 2 threshold social anxiety participants.All the 3 subthreshold social anxiety participants changed into normal.In one-to-five ICBT group,there was 1 threshold social anxiety participant lapsed to subthreshold social anxiety,1 subthreshold social anxiety participants still remained in subthreshold social anxiety,2 symptomatic social anxiety participants changed into normal.But there were no significant changes in control group.ConclusionsAll the two methods of intervention have a certain effect.The effect of one-to-one intervention therapy is most significant.

Objective To investigate the influences of anesthetic meltod on setting up the animal model of orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT) in rats, in order to properly select the anesthetic method. Methods OLT was performed by modified two-cuff technique in Sprague Dawley rats. 100 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, ether group, ketamine group, chloral hydrate group and pentobarbital group. The anesthetic process, the influences of anesthetic method on physiologic parameters and hepatic function, and the mortality during anhepatic phase of each group were observed. Results The anesthetic process of each anesthetic method was different,ether anesthesia had fewer impacts on physiologic parameters, and the pentobarbital had great hepatotoxicity. High mortality happened in ketamine group, chloral hydrate group and pentobarbital group during anhepatic phase, while no animal died in ether group. Conclusions Each anesthetic method has significant influences on the OLT rat. Ether anesthesia has fewer effects on physiologic parameters and liver function, and has low mortality during anhepatic phase of OLT rats.So it is the best anesthetic method in setting up the animal model of OLT in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of scalp acupuncture plus MOTOmed virtual scene training on gross motor function and ADL in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods Thirty patients with spastic cerebral palsy meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to a treatment group of 12 cases and a control group of 18 cases. The control group received routine rehabilitation therapy and the treatment group, scalp acupuncture plus MOTOmed virtual scene training in addition. Adductor, gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle tensions were determined using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), gross motor function was measured using the Gross Motor Scale and the activities of daily living were assessed using the ADL in the two groups of patients before and after treatment. Results There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in adductor, gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle tensions in the treatment group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in adductor muscle tension in the control group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle tensions between the treatment and control groups (P<0.05). There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in the foot dorsiflexion angle and popliteal fossa angle in the treatment group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the posterior femoral angle in the control group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in the foot dorsiflexion angle and popliteal fossa angle between the treatment and control groups (P<0.05). There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in the GMFM score and the ADL score in the two groups (P<0.05). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in the GMFM score and the ADL score between the treatment and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Scalp acupuncture plus MOTOmed virtual scene training is an effective way to treat spastic cerebral palsy. It can improve gross motor function and the ADL score in the patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART ) peptides on cortical synaptic plasticity in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R ) injury mice. Methods A total of 288 healthy male specific pathogen free(SPF)grade Kunming mice aged 0 to 12 weeks were selected. They were divided into four groups:I/R group (n =81 ),I/R +CART group (n =81),sham operation group (n=63),and sham operation+CART group (n=63)according to the random number table method. A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)for 2 h and reperfusion was induced. Before reperfusion,the mice of the I/R+CART group were injected CART via tail vein (0. 5μg, 200μl)and the those of the sham operation+CART group were injected equal CART;repeated administration once every 24 hours. 2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride assay was used to detect cerebral infarction volume of the I/R group and the I/R+CART group at different time points (24 h,72 h,and day 7 )after achieving reperfusion. The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of synapses at different time points,and the synaptic morphological parameters were analyzed quantitatively. Western blot was used to observe the expression level of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95)proteins in the surrounding area of cortical infarct at 72 h after reperfusion. Results (1 )Compared with the sham operation group,the number of synapses was significantly decreased in the cortical slices in the I/R group (3. 37 ± 0. 38μm2 vs. 7. 04 ± 0. 55μm2 ,2. 89 ± 0. 22μm2 vs. 6. 89 ± 0. 04μm2 ,3. 25 ± 0. 18μm2 vs. 6. 78 ± 0. 42μm2;all P<0. 05). The density of PSD was significantly decreased (24. 4 ± 2. 8 nm vs. 47. 3 ± 6. 1 nm,23. 8 ± 3. 7 nm vs. 46. 5 ± 7. 5 nm,24. 6 ± 2. 2 nm vs. 48. 1 ± 5. 1 nm;all P <0. 05). The width of synaptic cleft was increased (25. 2 ± 2. 1 nm vs. 21. 5 ± 1. 6 nm,25. 2 ± 1. 4 nm vs. 21. 3 ± 1. 0 nm,23. 7 ± 2. 6 nm vs. 21. 6 ± 1. 6 nm;all P<0. 05). The expression level of PSD-95 protein was decreased at 72 h after reperfusion (P<0. 05). (2)Compared with the I/R group,the infarction volume of the I/R+CART group was significantly reduced at 24 h,72 h,and day 7 after reperfusion (29. 0 ± 1. 9% vs. 36. 3 ± 1. 4%,38. 1 ± 1. 4% vs. 47. 6 ± 2. 7%,and 36. 0 ± 2. 8% vs. 42. 5 ± 2. 0%,respectively;all P<0. 05). The number of synapses was significantly increased (4. 32 ± 0. 35 μm2 )and the expression level of PSD-95 protein was increased at 72 h after reperfusion (P<0. 05). The PSD density (33. 8 ± 3. 4,34. 2 ± 4. 6,38. 2 ± 4. 0 nm)was thickened at 24 h,72 h,and day 7 after reperfusion (all P <0. 05),and there were no significant differences in the width of synaptic cleft at each time point(allP>0.05).Conclusion CART can reduce cerebral infarct volume of I/R in mice and improve synaptic plasticity of cortical neurons in mice after ischemic injury.

ObjectiveToinvestigatetheriskfactorsofepilepticseizuresanditseffectonclinical outcome in patients w ith cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Methods The patients w ith CVST w ere enrol ed retrospectively. The risk factors, clinical manifestations, and imaging data w ere col ected. The data of an epileptic seizure group and a non-epileptic seizure group w ere compared. Results A total of 69 patients with CVST were enroled, including 32 (46.38%) secondary epileptic seizures. In the aspect of clinical manifestations, more patients show ed hemiplegia in the epileptic seizure group (37.50%vs.15.63%; χ2 =5.240, P=0.020). Imaging examination show ed that more patients in the epileptic seizure group presented w ith bleeding ( 29.41%vs. 10.81%; χ2 = 3.818, P= 0.047 ), more lesion involving frontal lobe (31.25%vs.10.81%; χ2 =5.008, P=0.023), and temporal lobe (43.75%vs.8.11%; χ2 =7.318, P=0.005), and the thrombosis sites w ere more common in the superior sagittal sinuses (65.63%vs.40.54%;χ2 =4.264, P=0.036). Multivariate logistic regression analysis show ed that focal neurological deficits (odds ratio 5.167, 95% confidence interval 1.993-15.764; P=0.004) and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (odds ratio 0.126, 95% confidence interval 0.042-0.370; P=0.039) w ere the independent risk factors for patients w ith secondary epileptic seizures. There w ere no significant differences in hospital mortality (6.25%vs.2.7%; χ2 =0.512, P=0.469 ) and 90 day 90-day ful recovery rate ( defined as Barthel Index >60) (81.25%vs.86.47%; χ2 =0.346, P=0.793) betw een the epileptic seizure group and the non-epileptic seizure group. Conclusions Focal neurologic deficits and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis are the independent risk factors for secondary epileptic seizures, how ever, secondary epileptic seizures is not associ-ated w ith in-hospital mortality risk and 90-day clinical outcomes in patients w ith CVST.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of tranexamic acid in the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods:Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to the Departments of Emergency and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from December 2015 to December 2018 were enrolled prospectively. The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to a random number table: tranexamic acid group and control group. All patients received conventional treatment. On this basis, 1 g of tranexamic acid injection was given to the tranexamic acid group, dissolved in 100 ml of normal saline, intravenous injection for 10 min; then 1 g of tranexamic acid was given, dissolved in 250 ml of normal saline, intravenous drip for 8 h. The control group was given an equal volume of normal saline. The main outcome measures were good outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale score0-2) and mortality at 90 d after treatment. The secondary outcome was hematoma enlargement at 24 h after treatment and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at 7 and 30 days after treatment. Platelet count and fibrinogen level were measured before treatment and 4 h after the infusion of tranexamic acid. Various adverse events were monitored.Results:A total of 150 patients were included, including 83 males (55.3%). There were 73 patients in the tranexamic acid group and 77 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline data between the two groups. The rate of good outcome in the tranexamic acid group at 90 d was significantly higher than that in the control group (57.5% vs. 40.3%; χ2=4.476, P=0.034), while there were no significant differences in mortality rate (0% vs. 1.3%; Fisher's exact test P=1.000) and the proportion of patients with hematoma enlargement at 24 h (6.8% vs. 15.6%; χ2=2.845, P=0.092). The NIHSS score at 7 d (9.26±3.35 vs. 11.68±4.25; t=3.859, P<0.001) and at 30 d (5.45±2.52 vs. 7.38±3.28; t=4.030, P<0.001) in the tranexamic acid group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Fibrinogen in the tranexamic acid group increased significantly after treatment compared with baseline (4.20±0.56 g/L vs. 3.33±0.60 g/L; t=8.997, P<0.001), and was significantly higher than that in the control group after treatment (4.20±0.56 g/L vs. 3.30±0.55 g/L; t=9.906, P<0.001). No adverse events such as venous thromboembolism, ischemic events, and seizures were observed. Conclusion:Tranexamic acid can promote the recovery of neurological function, and improve the outcome of patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, and the safety is good.

BACKGROUND:Animal studies have indicated ultrasound-mediated microbubbles can significantly enhance the effect of stem cel transplantation to treat ischemic diseases. But its mechanism is stil unknown.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the mechanism of ultrasound-mediated microbubbles to significantly enhance the effect of stem cel transplantation in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s and vascular endothelial cel s of rats were cultured in vitro, and then randomized to three groups:control group with no intervention, ultrasound group exposed to ultrasound at 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2 for 90 seconds, and ultrasound-mediated microbubble group treated with 5μL liposomes ultrasound microbubbles containing fluorocarbon gases (about 2×1011/L) and ultrasound exposure at 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2 for 90 seconds.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared to the control group, ultrasound-mediated microbubbles significantly increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cel-derived factor 1 in the supernatant of
vascular endothelial cel s (P<0.05);ultrasound had no effect on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, but decreased the level of stromal cel-derived factor 1 (P<0.01). Ultrasound-mediated microbubbles and the ultrasound alone could significantly enhance the CXCR4 gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s as compared with the control group (P<0.01), but there was no difference between the ultrasound-mediated microbubble group and the ultrasound group (P>0.05). These findings suggest that 1 W/cm2 ultrasound-mediated microbubbles can promote vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cel-derived factor 1 secretion by vascular endothelia cel s, and meanwhile promote CXCR4 gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s. This may be the mechanism of the ultrasound-mediated microbubbles enhancing homing effect of transplanted stem cel s.