The major progress on the study of etiology of the Hirschsprung's disease is the genetic factots and the aherations of microenvironment in primarily embryogenic period.The genetic factors comprise of RETGDNF system.EDNRB.EDN3 system,and many other genes involving in the formulation of the tormer two svstems.such as SOX10,NRG-1, FoxD3,PHOX2B,HOXB5,ZFHXIB,all of which file essencial for the migration and differentiation of neural crest cells(NCC).The alterations of microenvironment in primarily embryogenic period include interstitial ceLls of cajal(ICC),cell adhesion molecules(CAMLl),Ca2+ and so on.Definitely,CAML1 plays as the basis of NCC's migration and differentiation,and the decline of the Ca2+dependent channel's expression brings about the anolnaloug contraction of smooth muscle.

Objective: To study the effect of catch up growth after semistarvation on insulin resistance in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal chow group (NC given diet with 18.94% of calories as fat for 12 w); high fat group (HF, given diet with 50.55% of calories as fat for 12 w); food restriction group (FR, 50% of their normal spontaneous food for 4 w); refeeding normal chow group (RN, after 4 w semistarvation, given normal diet for another 8 w ); refeeding high fat diet group (RH, after 4 w semistavation, given high fat diet for 8 w). Changes of body weight, height, and food intake were recorded. At the end of experiment, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR), the rate of abdominal fat (including perirenal fat and epididymal fat) vs weight, plasm protein, blood lipid (including total cholesterol and triglyceride) were detected. Results: There were 82.5% rats getting catch-up growth in refeeding groups. Body weight of both refeeding groups could not catch that of NC group, but the rate of visceral fat vs weight was higher than that of NC group, and this rate of RH group was close to that of HF group. The changes of visceral fat vs body weight were consistent with that of TG levels. All nutritional status except high fat diet could not influence total cholesterol levels. RH and RN group’s HOMAIR were higher than those of NC group and HF group. All groups have similar fastingglucose levels. Conclusion: Catch-up growth can induce insulin resistance, but is not consistent with fat accumulation and hypertriglyceridemia in rats.

Objective:To reveal the behavior characteristics of health delivery system(HDS) and the dynamical mechanism by which HDS promoting population health,so as to provide theoretical and methodological evidences for the decision-making of national macro health system.Methods: The macro model of HDS was constructed by using the theory of complex system and the method of system dynamics.Results: The principle of "high coverage and reasonable quality" was put forward as developmental strategy of national health service.The improvement of population health was taken as the system objective of HDS;meanwhile,HDS was community-centered and city-country integrative.The macro model of HDS was constructed based on the above objectives.Conclusion: Modeling based on system dynamics is effective to reveal the complexity of health delivery system.The HDS complex system model constructed in this article can be used to analyze and interpret the behavior characteristics of HDS and the dynamic mechanism by which HDS promoting population health.

Objective To investigate whether the effect of pioglitazone on TNF-α-induced insulin resistance is associated with altering IRS-1-induced signaling. Methods 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with TNF-α for 24 hours with or without being pretreated with 10μM piglitazone for 6 hours or with pioglitazone alone.Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of 3T3 adipocytes was measured by using 2-deoxy 3H glucose.The Western blot was used to measure IRS-1, PKB, PKC-λ protein and tyrosine phosphorylation on IRS-1, PKB and PKC-λ phosphorylation. Results Both TNF-α and pioglitazone increased glucose uptake of 3T3 adipocytes under basal status.On TNF-α treated cells, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was decreased by about 50%, accompanied with the reductions of IRS-1 protein level, tyrosine-phosphorylation of IRS-1 and PKB phosphorylation.TNF-α treatment had no effect on PKC-λ phosphorylation. Pioglitazone pretreatment was able to antagonize TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in 3T3 adipocytes partly reverse IRS-1 protein, increase insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1,and increase phosphorylations of PKB and PKCλ. Conclusion TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is related to impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Pioglitazone antagonizes the above TNF-α induced insulin resistance.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules.They regulate negatively the expression of target genes at post-transcriptional stages by means of affecting the stability of target mRNA or interfering with the transcriptional process.Recently,there is evidence demonstrating that miRNAs play important roles in the gene expressions of thyrotoxic heart diseases.Elevated levels of thyroid hormones profoundly influence the cardiovascular system through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).As a principal active component of RAS,angiotensin Ⅱ receptor 1 (AT1 R) interacts with miRNAs in promoting or extenuating the progress of thyrotoxic heart disease.In this article,the roles of AT1R-associated miRNAs,miR-21,miR-155,miR-208a/b,and miR-499 in thyrotoxic heart disease were reviewed.

Objective To explore the right timing of mechanical ventilation in patients with bronchial asthma in emergency room.Methods A total of 67 patients with bronchial asthma undergoing mechanical ventilation were admitted into our Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU) from January 2010 to December 2012.According to PaCO2 before intubation,they were divided into 3 groups of low levels of PaCO2 [PaCO2 ≤35 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa)] (n =19),normal PaCO2 (35 mmHg ＜ PaCO2 ＜ 45 mmHg) (n =21) and high PaCO2 (PaCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg) (n =27).Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results The in-hospital mortality of three groups were 5.3％ (1/19),9.5％ (2/21) and 14.8％ (4/27) and the difference was not statistically significant (x2 =1.16,P ＞ 0.05).However the average duration of mechanical ventilation of three groups were (5.6 ± 1.7),(8.3 ± 2.1) and (13.5 ±3.6) days and the difference was statistically significant (F =3.36,P =0.042).The average ICU treatment time was (7.4 ± 2.1),(11.5 ± 3.3) and (16.4 ± 3.5) days and the difference was statistically significant (F =3.23,P =0.047).PaCO2 levels before intubation was positively correlated with the duration of mechanical ventilation and the ICU treatment time (r2 =0.366,0.316,P =0.031,0.029).Conclusion The patients with bronchial asthma undergoing intubation in right time in emergency room will affect the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU treatment time.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between microalbuminuria(MAU) and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes.MethodsThe urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was measured,and the cardiac autonomic function was detected using 24 hour ambulatory ECG spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in 46 patients with diabetes and 31 normal control subjects.ResultsParameters of time and frequencydomain of HRV were reduced in patients with diabetes.The high frequency at night reflecting the cardiac vagus nerve function was significantly lower in diabetic patients than control group.In diabetic patients with MAU,the detected values of HRV were significantly decreased,combined vagosympathetic impairment occurred,and 24 hour rhythm from day to night in autonomic nervous activity disappeared.ConclusionMAU in diabetes is related with HRV.

0 05).Conclusion The distribution frequency of bb type of VDR genotypes in Han populations of China was more prevalent,followed by Bb and bb types in turn.In the patients receiving long term glucocorticoid therapy,there is no significant difference in BMD between Bb and BB genotypes.The data suggest that the VDR genotypes may not be a means to identify patients at great risk of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis,which await to be further confirmed with a large sample size.

Objective:To investigate glucose uptake and IRS-1-associated signaling pathway by stimulated insulin under TNF-? treatment.Methods:3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with TNF-? within 6 hours and 24 hours respectively. 2-deoxy ~3H glucose was used to measure glucose uptake and western blot was used to measure IRS-1, PKB protein, tyrosine and serine307 phosphorylation on IRS-1, and PKB phosphorylation.Results:On basal status, glucose uptake of 3T3-L1 cells and phospho-tyrosine of IRS-1, PKB phosphorylation, and serine307 phosphorylation on IRS-1 were all low. Insulin stimulation induced glucose uptake and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, serine307 phosphorylation, PKB phosphorylation rapidly. TNF-? inhibited insulin-induced glucose uptake, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and PKB phosphorylation. Rapamycin reversed the effects of TNF-?. Treated with TNF-? within 6 hours increased serine307 phosphorylation but had no effect on IRS-1 protein level. TNF-?-induced serine307 phosphorylation of IRS-1 was not affected by rapamycin. IRS-1 level was decreased under 24 hours TNF-? treatment and rapamycin can reverse the effect.Conclusion:TNF-? induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes mightbe related to impaired IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, rapamycin could reverse the effects of TNF-?. Treated with TNF-? within 6 hours stimulate phosphrylation of serine307 of IRS-1 and 24 hours treatment decreased IRS-1 protein level. Rapamycin antagonist TNF-?-induced loses of IRS-1.

AIM: To study the effect of calories restriction on endoplasmic reticulum(ER) chaperone protein 78-kD glucose regulated protein(GRP78) mRNA expression in the liver of high fat diet rats,in order to explore the mechanism of how calories restriction improves insulin resistance.METHODS: Wistar rats(n=24) were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal chow(NC) group,was fed free normal chow(18.94% of calories as fat) for 12 weeks;high fat group(HF) was fed high fat diet(50.55% of calories as fat) for 12 weeks;calories restriction group(CR) was fed high fat diet for 8 weeks at first,then given 50% of diet consumed by the same age NC group.Changes of body weight,height,and food intake were recorded.At the end of experiment,HOMAIR,the rate of visceral fat(including perirenal fat and epididymal fat) vs weight,plasma protein,blood lipid(including total cholesterol and triglyceride),hepatic GRP78 mRNA and hepatic histological changes(including light microscopic studies and electron microscopic studies) were detected.RESULTS:(1) Animals in HF group had an obviously elevation of fasting insulin(27.51?3.51) mU/L vs(15.46?2.25) mU/L,triglyceride(1.35?0.25) mmol/L vs(0.67?0.10) mmol/L,total cholesterol(2.59?0.34) mmol/L vs(1.41?0.28) mmol/L and insulin resistance index HOMAIR(5.85?0.23 vs 2.85?0.60) compared with NC group,and also had obviously lipid accumulations in the liver.(2) After calories restriction,all the abnormal elevated biochemical indicators were decreased to normal levels,the hepatic lipid accumulations were also improved.(3) The changes of liver ultrastructure in HF group showed rough endoplasmic reticulum enlargement,fragmentation,taking off grain,and with glycogen solution.The changes in CR group were nearly the same as those in NC group.(4) High fat diet induced the expression of GRP78 mRNA, calories restriction might reverse it.CONCLUSION: Reasonable food calories restriction is a good method to improve insulin resistance,partly due to improvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver.