Literature review to build optional indexes pool,Delphi method to screen indexes,fuzzy model used to calculate the weight,for building such a system.An index system centering on public wellbeing is thus constructed,comprising three level 1 indicators,six level 2 indicators,40 level-3 indicators.The system can satisfactorily reflect the vision of county-level public hospitals reform,and showcase outcomes of such a reform.

Objective To report our initial experience on the complications of retroperitoneoscopic live donor nephrectomy(RPLDN)and their managements in 117 cases.Methods From December 2003 to January 2009,117 cases of RPLDNs were carried out in our hospital.The operation was performed through 3 lumbar ports,after the kidney was liberated fully and the ureter was severed 7-8 cm under the lower pole of the kidney,the renal artery and vein were blocked with Endo-cut or Hem-o-lok and then cut off.Endo-cut was used in 3 patients and Hem-o-lok in 114 donors.Afterwards,the kidney was taken out quickly from the donor and infused with 4℃ kidney preserving fluid(HCA)immediately.We reviewed the intraoperative and postoperative complications in the donors and the grafts and the managements of the cases.Results All the 117 operations were successfully completed.No patients died during the operation or had delayed graft function recovery postoperation.No one was converted to an open surgery or needed blood transfusion during the procedure.Surgery-related complications occurred in 5 donors(4.3%)including intraoperative bleeding in 2(cured by hemostasis during the operation)and retroperitoneal hematoma in 3(cured by conservative management).Graft-related complications occurred in 8(6.8%)cases;among which extra arteries in the graft owning to endovascular stapler was found in 1 patient(who had a short common stem of the main renal artery,the three branches were anastomosed with the external iliac artery and 2 branches of internal iliac artery respectively);two graft kidneys were lacerated by laparoscopic instruments superficially and were repaired using absorbable sutures;renal subcapsular hematoma was noted in 2 grafts,capsulotomy was performed in one of them while the other received no treatment,both the cases had normal function of the transplanted kidneys;ureteral complications occurred in 3 grafts,in which vesico-urethral anastomotic leakage was developed in 10 days after withdrawal of the double J stents,they were cured by ureteral re-implantation.All the donors and recipients with complications were followed up for an average of 50 months(range 15-62 months).No other complications were found in the cases.During the follow-up,blood and urine routine,liver and renal functions,and blood glucose level are all in a normal range,abdominal B-ultrasonography revealed no abnormalities.B-ultrasonography of the implanted kidneys showed normal morphology and renal functions.Conclusions RPLDN is a safe and reliable method.Most of its complications complications may be attributed to the learning curve.Refinements in surgical techniques may decrease the rates of both donor and graft complications.

Objective To explore the operative approach, method,indication,and clinical feasibility of laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic treatment of ploycystic kidney.Methods The renal cyst unroofing(bilateral,9 cases;unilateral,4 cases) was performed under laparoscope(2 cases) or retroperitoneoscope(11 cases).The renal adipose capsule was dissected with a harmonic scalpel to fully visualize the whole kidney.According to preoperative positioning results,the cysts at all sizes were exposed.Then all visible cysts were unroofed or fenestrated with a margin 0.5 cm from the renal parenchyma.The cystic fluid was drawn out as much as possible.Results The operations were completed smoothly in the 13 cases.Pneumatothorax developed on the day of laparoscopic operation in 1 case,and then was cured by closed thoracic drainage.The operation time was 50～240 min(mean,139 min),and the blood loss was 10～200 ml(mean,58 ml).Patients began out-of-bed activities in 1～2 days after operation and were discharged from hospital at 3～10 days.The pathological findings were in accordance with changes of ploycystic kidney.Follow-up examinations were carried out for 1～30 months(mean,14.3 months).Back pain was relived in 8 out of 11 cases.In 3 patients with a high blood pressure,the systolic pressure was decreased by 16～19 mm Hg at 9 months after operation.Ten patients presented normal hepatic and renal functions,while the remaining 3 patients with preoperative increased creatinine levels of 194～301 ?mol/L had a drop by 20～40 ?mol/L.Conclusions Treatment of cyst unroofing under laparoscope or retroperitoneoscope is a safe and effective method in the treatment of ploycystic kidney,being worthy of clinical recommendation.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys.Methods From October 2003 to November 2006,retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was performed in nine cases of tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys in our hospital.Dissecting kidney and ureter with ultrasound scalpel,blocking kidney pedicle with Endo-GIA(n=4) or Hem-o-lok(n=5),kidney was put into kidney bags and taken out.Results All nine cases were performed nephrectomy successfully without conversions to open surgery.The mean of operative time was 110 min(range,90-180 min);the mean of blood loss was 94.4 ml(range,20-200 ml);the mean of postoperative hospital stay was 5.5 days(range,3-8 days).One case had a little cheese-like pura extravasation induced by laceration of kidney capsule.Peritoneum damage occurred in one case.The nine patients showed a primary healing of the wound.Follow-up of 1-38 months in nine cases showed normal function of contralateral kidney.Conclusions Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis has advantages of minimal invasion,less blood loss and quicker recovery,therefore it is a fairly safe and reliable procedure for tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys.

Objective To evaluate the techniques of controlling renal pedicle and dealing with incisional wound of kidney during retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for kidney tumors.Methods 9 patients with kidney tumors underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery from December 2003 to January 2007.Renal artery was blocked incompletely with silicone tube and the tumor was resected using an ultrasound scalpel 0.5-1.0 cm distant from the tumors.Incisional wound of kidney was sutured with absorbable stitch combined with biological fibrin glue and hemostatic gauze.Results All the procedures were successful without any converting to open surgery.The operative time was 2-3.5 h(mean,2.6 h).The blood loss was 50-400 ml(mean,150 ml).No complications such as perioperative haemorrhage and urinary leakage occurred.Pathological examination confirmed renal clear cell carcinoma in 8 patients and angiolipoleimyoma in 1 patient.Incisional margins were all of negative tumor cell.9 patients were followed up for 4 to 36 months(mean,13 months),and showed normal renal function and no local recurrence and organ metastasis.Conclusions With the command of techniques of controlling renal pedicle and dealing with surface of wound of kidney,retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery is safe and effective.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors associated with operative death after pancreatoduodenectomy(PD) and thus be able to decrease mortality. Methods The data of 123 consecutive patients undergoing PD during 9 years were reviewed. The variables analyzed were clinical data, laboratory data, operative factors , pathological diagnosis, and complications. Results The 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 7.3 percent. Postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage(OR=17.954), diabetes(OR=7.097), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (OR=7.789), preoperative serum albumin concentration(OR=10.689) and amount of operative blood loss(OR=5.473) were independent risk factors. Conclusions The chief risk factors associated with operative death after PD are low concentration of preoperative serum albumin, diabetes, large amount of operative blood loss, and postoperative intra-abdominal and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These risk factors should be specifically considered in the perioperative management of the patients.

Objective To determine relative risk factors for positive surgical margins in extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(LRP). Methods From February 2004 to September 2007,33 patients(mean age 70 years old)with prostate cancers underwent extraperitoneal LRP.All patients were diagnosed by pathology preoperatively.Gleason score:3+3 14 cases(43%),3+4 11 cases(33%),4+3 6 cases(18%),4+4 2 cases(6%).Clinical stage:T1a-T1b 4 cases(12%),T1c 14 cases(43%),T2a-T2b 5 cases(15%),T2c10 cases(30%).Logistic regression analyses were performed. Results LRP was successfully performed on 31 cases.There were 2 cases converted to open surgery.Nine cases(27%)had PSMs.There were 6 cases(67%)and 4 cases(17%)of clinical stage T2c in PSM and negative surgical margin(NSM)groups respectively(P=0.010).There were 3 cases(33%)and 0(0)with high Gleason score(higher than 7)in PSM and NSM cases(P=0.015).There were 4 cases(44%)and 5 cases(21%)with t-PSA higher than 20dg/ml in PSM and NSM cases respectively(P=0.178).In these 9 cases,there were 4 cases(44%)positive with DRE.However there were 9 in the 24 NSM cases(38%)(P=0.509).Clinical stage T2c was independently positively correlated with PSM(OR=24.69).High Gleason score(higher than 7)and t-PSA higher than 20 ng/ml were positively correlated with PSM. Conclusions Clinical stage is positively correlated with PSM.It is an independent factor.High Gleason score(higher than 7)and t-PSA higher than 20 ng/ml mignt be the risk factors in predicting PSM and should be used together with clinical stage.Positive DRE findings may be also useful to predict PSM.

Objective　To evaluate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma(H-CC). Methods　Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical feature, surgical treatment and the effect on 73 patients with H-CC. Results　Diagnosis was made in all of the patients preoperatively and the correct diagnostic rate of BUS was 69.9%. In the treatment, radical resection was performed on 15 patients with good results in a short-term period. Of the 43 patients who underwent biliary tract internal drainage or exterrnal drainage, 37 patients had good results in a short-term period, while 6 died after operation. Laparotomy or hepatic artery cannulization with chemotherapy was performed on 15 patients and no change occurred in a short-term period after operation. In 15 cases subjected to radical resection, 11 cases were followed up. The 1,3-year survival rates was 90.9%, 20.0% respectively, but none of the patients survived for over 5 years. In patients undergoing other operations, none survived more than 9 months. Conclusions　It's still difficult to mak early diagnosis of H-CC, which mainly depends on imaging technics. The BUS should be choiced first. Radical resection rate is still low nowadays. The lobus quadratus resection is helpful to select the operation.

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of permanent 125 I prostate brachytherapy in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Methods A total of 15 patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer underwent 3 dimensional conformal brachytherapy with transperineal ultrasound guide 125 I seeds prostate implantation. Of them 5 patients with bone metastases were treated by EBRT one month later. Results The mean number of 125 I seeds implanted was 56.The mean operation time was 70 min,and mean hospital stay was 5 d.All patients were followed up for 5 to 28 months with a mean of 11 months.5 cases had complete reaction;4, partial reaction;3,stable condition;and 3 developed progressive disease. PSA progression free survival rate was 80% (12/15).No severe complication occurred in all cases. Conclusions Brachytherapy with 125 I seeds implantation guided by transrectal ultrasound is a safe,minimally invasive and effective treatment with low morbidity for hormone refractory prostate cancer patients.

Objective To assess the impact of learning curve on perioperative complications in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) by a series of consecutive 200 cases in a single center.Methods Two hundred patients who were biopsy proved prostatic carcinoma and underwent LRP were retrospectively evaluated.All the operations were performed by professor Ma Lulin.The patients were divided into 4 groups according the time of operation.All the clinical data,including age,body mass index (BMI),preoperative PSA level,biopsy Gleason score,and clinical stage were collected.Operative parameters and peri-operative complications were evaluated,including operative time,blood loss,transfusion rate,and perioperative complications.The complications were evaluated by Clavien classification system.Results Age,BMI,PSA,prostate volume,biopsy Gleason score and clinical stage had no significant difference among the 4 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The operative time was gradually lowered from group one to group four.Significantly less blood loss occurred after every 50 cases of LRP (P ＜ 0.001).The complication rates were 15.5％ in this series,28.0％,18.0％,12.0％ and 4.0％ for group one to group four respectively.The complication rate reduced as experience was gained (P =0.008).The rates of mild complications were 24.0％,14.0％,6.0％ and 4.0％,and severe complication rates were 4.0％,4.0％,6.0％ and 0,respectively.Conclusion With experience was gained and technique was improved,the operative time and blood loss of LRP decreased and complication rate reduced substantially.