Objective To evaluate the clinical features and renal morphological changes of the patients with urinary tract infection associated ureteral stent.Methods From Oct.2012 to May.2013,21 patients were divided into three groups depending on the different conditions:Group A (n=7):patients who had febrile urinary tract infections associated with ureteral stents; Group B (n =7):patients with ureteral stents but no fever; Group C (n=7):patients who had febrile urinary tract infections but no ureteral stent.The clinical data,laboratory data and 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy results were recorded prospectively and analyzed.Results In Group A,there were two patients had flank pain and positive costovertebral angle percussion tcnderness.The mean value of white blood cells and Hs-CRP of Group A and Group C were obviously higher than Group B (P＜0.05).The ratios of pyuria were 100.0％,71.4％ and 100.0％ in Group A,B and C.The ratios of positive urine bacteuria culture were 100.0％,42.9％ and 100.0％ in Group A,B and C.The results of 99Tcm-DMSA renal scintigraphy demonstrated the decreased uptake in the different portion of the kidneys on the sides of ureteral stents inserted in all the patients in Group A but no such changes in Group B and Group C.Conclusions 99Tcm-DMSA renal scintigraphy can be used to judge the status of urinary tract infection associated ureteral stent.The febrile urinary tract infection associated with ureteral stents always means pyelonephritis occurs and prompt treatment must be given.

Objective To observe the incidence and transformation of pyuria and bacteriuria in different time point after TURP and supply the evidence for antibiotic application.Methods From March,2011 to May,2012,84 patients with BPH admitted in our hospital.Their ages ranged from 61 to 87 years old,mean (71.9±7.6) years.The volume of prostate in those patients ranged from 27.8 to 118 ml,mean (70.8±24.1) ml.The procedure of TURP was undergone in all of them.In one week after the operation,two urine specimens from each patient,one for urine routine examination and one for urine culture,were collected 24 h after the catheter have been withdrawn.The catheter was also cultured.During the following-up,urine routine examination and urine culture were regularly performed in 1,2,3 months after surgery.If the patient had both pyuria and bacteriuria,he should be excluded the study.Results The pyuria rate on one week,one month,two months and three months were 54.8％ (46/84),100.0％ (82/82),65.8％ (48/ 73),34.2％ (25/73),respectively.There is a significance difference among those groups (P＜0.05).It seemed that the pyuria would appear in all patients.However,the incidence would gradually decrease.It seemed that the pyuria has the tendency of self-recovery.A significant difference of prostatic resection volume after 3 months could be observed in the pyuria group (31.4±15.2 ml) and non-pyuria group (24.8±11.6 ml) (P＜0.05).The bacteriuria rate on one week,1,2,3 months were 7.1％ (6/84),11.0％ (9/82),6.8％ (5/73)and 0,respectively.There is no significance difference among the groups (P＞0.05).Conclusions Pyuria will appear after TURP and the incidence reduced gradually following the time.The pyuria alone without the bacteriuria may be explained by inflammation,that antibiotics were unnecessary.The bacteriuria alone without the pyuria may be considered as asymptomatic bacteriuria or bacterial colonization,antibiotics were unnecessary,either.

Objective To study the relationship between the bladder outlet obstruction(BOO)and the area under the curve of detrusor during voiding related parameters. Methods One hundred and thirty-eight patiens with benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH) underwent clinical evaluation, including physical examination, flow rate and post-void residual volume measurement. Pressure flow studies were performed. Mean patient age was 68 years (range 56 to 82). The AG number and the LinPURR were recorded to classify the patients into 3 groups, namely unobstructed, equivocal obstructed and obstructed, as the traditional classification. Two new parameters including the area under the curve of detrusor pressure during voiding(AUCdet) and the area under the curve of detrusor pressure during voiding adjusted for voided volume(AUCdet/Vol) were calculated and compared with the traditional classification using the Linear discriminant analysis. Results According to the traditional classification, there were 33 unobstructed, 32 equivocal and 44 obstructed cases. The AUCdet and AUCder/Vol of the 3 groups were different(P＜0.001). Linear discriminant analysis showed that of the cases, 90. 9%(30/33), 43.8%(14/32) and 70. 5%(31/44) were identically categorized by the traditional and the AUCdet/Vol classifications in the unobstructed, equivocal and obstructed groups, respectively. Conclusions The area under the curve of detrusor pressure during voiding related parameters appear to be good parameters of the BOO in patients with BPH. Further studies are needed to test the reliability and validity of these new parameters.

Objective To introduce the surgery procedure of pin-shaped bipolar plasmakinetic transurethral en bloc resection of non muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma and investigate the clinical outcomes.Methods 42 cases of non muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma who received bipolar plasmakinetic transurethral en bloc resection from May 2015 to March 2016 were recruited in the present study.Male 29 cases, female 13 cases, average age 52-82 years old, average (65.6 ±12.3) years old.Wide basal tumors were noticed by preoperative cystoscopy, bladder tumors were confirmed by tumor biopsy.Full-thickness specimens were obtained in procedures, including tumor, mucosa, lamina propria layer, muscular layer, to accurately assess tumor infiltration depth and staging.Results All 42 cases were done by this procedure successfully.A total of 65 pieces of tumors were excised:36 in lateral wall, 19 in posterior wall, 10 in bladder triangle.Tumor diameter ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm, with an average (2.1 ± 0.6) cm.Postoperative pathological stages were clear:16 cases were Ta stage and 49 cases were T1 stage ( of which 32 were T1 G3 ) .Intraoperative obturator nerve reflex happened in 2 cases.Followed up for 2-11 months, average 6 months.Tumor recurrence in 3 cases, no progression case.Conclusions Pin-shaped bipolar plasmakinetic electrode transurethral en bloc resection of non muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma is safe and reliable and should be recommended in management of non muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma.Full-thickness postoperative specimens can provide accurately judgement of the depth of tumor invasion and pathological staging.

Objective To study the change of clinical and urodynamic parameters in the patients with lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) caused by detrusor overactivity (DO). Methods Two hundred and twenty-seven patients with LUTS underwent clinical evaluation from October 2006 to December 2008, including Prostate Volume (PV), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Peak Flow rate (PF) and Residual Urine (RU) measurement. Pressure flow studies were performed. The detrusor overactivity was recorded to classify the patients into 2 groups, DO group and none DO group. The clinical and urodynamic parameters were compared between the two groups. Results Mean patient age was 70 years (range 52 to 89). According to the urodynamic results, there were 126 patients in DO group and 101 patients in none DO group. The mean patients age was older in DO group than the none DO group(P＜0.05). Adjusted by age, the PV, PF, and RU were no different between the two groups(P>0.05). The mean first sensation of bladder, bladder compliance, cystometric capacity, bladder outlet obstruction parameters, single voiding volume and max detrusor pressure during contraction were different between the two groups(P＜0.05). Conclusions The main risk factors of DO are the ageing and BOO. The non invasive parameters such as PV、 PF、 and RU could not be used to judge DO. The changes of urodynamic parameters caused by DO were hyperaesthesia of bladder、lower bladder compliance、 higher max detrusor pressure and lower max cystometric capacity. This study emphasis the importance of the urodynamic studies in the aged patients with LUTS.

Objective To detection the urine of bacteria hyphae and intracellular bacterial communities in patients with indwelling urinary catheter and discuss intracellular bacterial comnmunities in the pathogenesis of catheter-related urinary tract infection.Methods From May 2014 to February 2016,95 cases with D-J stent indwelling were enrolled in this study,including 38 male patients and 57 female patients.The mean age was (43 ±21)years old,ranging from 25 to 83 years old.We recorded those patient g clinical symptoms,middle urine culture results.If the middle urine culture was positive,further pathology test and scanning electron microscopy for bacteria hyphae and intracellular bacterial communities would be considered.Results The middle urine culture showed positive in 21 cases (22％,21/95);The classification of bacteria included E.coli in 11 cases,dung enterococcus in 2 cases,klebsiella pneumonia in 4 cases,pseudomonas aeruginosa in 3 cases,epidermis staphylococcus aureus in 1 case.Among those 21 patients,9 cases had the symptoms of fever and shiver.Urine pathology testing found hyphae in 6 cases (6％,6/95).all others were E.coli infection.For scanning electron microscope,6 cases were found rodshaped bacteria and hyphae.3 cases were found intracellular bacterial communities.Conclusions The presence of intracellular bacterial communities made urothelial itself the source of endogenous bacteria of urinary tract infection.Catheter-related urinary tract infections in patients with recurrence maybe basically homology bacteria.

Objective To establish computer assisted virtual ureteroscopy (VU) through data from computerized tomography urography (CTU) of patients with renal stones and make validation of effectiveness.Methods From June of 2015 to January of 2016,23 cases of renal stones cases was selected by 5 experts in 3 different centers.There were 21 unbilateral cases and 2 bilateral cases.The age ranged from 31 to 79(54.7 ± 12.5).Mean stone burden was (19.0 ± 6.2) mm.Stone number ranged from 1 to 5 (2.7 ± 1.2).VU generation was accomplished by specialized software (Crusher) with incorporating CTU data.After patientspecific VUs were presented to the experts,and the FURS surgeries were all finished successfully,face and content validations about VU using modified Likert questionnaire ordinal 10-point rating scales were made.20 trainee were selected to do the flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy with assistance of VU.After observation of CTU and VU,the numbers of renal calyces and stones found by the experts and trainees were recorded.The statistical analysis were made before and after observation of VU between the experts and trainees.Result Face and content validation of VU:overall usefulness 7.6 ± 0.5,graphics 7.6 ± 0.5,intrarenal collecting system 8.4 ± 0.5,stone details 8.4 ± 0.5,usefulness in surgical planning and training 8.0 ± 0.7.Significant improvement was found when the trainees doing the surgery with the help of VU.Compared with using CTU only,VU could help the trainees had better understanding of intrarenal structure and stone information [the number of calyces (16.7 ±3.7)vs.(24.6 ± 1.8),P ＜0.001;the number of stones (4.9 ± 1.4)vs.(8.2 ± 1.3),P ＜0.001].Before observation of VU,trainees found much fewer calyces and stones compared with experts (P =0.004 and P ＜ 0.001 respectively).However,this gap disappeared after VU observation (P =0.327 and 0.292 respectively).Conclusions Establishing computer assisted VU through CTU data from renal stone patients is feasible and rapid.VU can significantly improve trainee's view of intrarenal collecting system and stone information before practicing FURS.

Objective To assess the clinical characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and patients's attitude towards BPH and BPH therapy. Methods The question-naires were distributed to 3560 BPH patients throughout the country during the period of Prostate Health Educational Programmer (PHELP). The survey was mainly focused on the questions of patient understanding toward BPH, the preference of treatment and international prostate score scale.Results The evaluations based on 2878 completed patient's questionnaires showed that 86. 0% of patients were diagnosed with moderate or severe low urinary tract syndrome. The main reasons for seek treatment was irritative symptoms (64. 1%), obstructive symptoms ( 41. 7%), physical checkup (41.0%), worry about prostate cancer(14. 5%). Most of patients sought treatment from big hospitals. Most of patients (69.1%) had right understanding towards BPH. Nocturia was the most bothersome of lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) suggestive of BPH. Rapid LUTS improvement was the patient's main objective (87.4%). Conclusions Chinese patients did not recognize the complications of BPH progression. Irritative symptoms are the main reasons for seek treatment. Nocturia is most bothersome syndrome, which deteriorates quality of life mostly.

Objective To study the role of B-mode ultrasound found bladder trabeculation in evaluating the degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and the bladder function in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients.Methods Conducted prospective research to determine differences in clinical data and urodynamic parameters between BPH patients with and without bladder trabeculation diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound.Results Thirty-six BPH patients with bladder trabeculation were compared with 68 BPH patients without bladder trabeculation.The mean age was (73.7 ± 10.1 ) years for the patients with bladder trabeculation and ( 69.6 ± 6.2 ) years without bladder trabeculation, IPSS was 24.4 ± 6.6 and 22.8 ± 8.3 respectively, in which no significant differences were found ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate was ( 131.7 ± 57.3 ) cm H20 and (92.1 ± 47.8 )cm H2O ) respectively.The linearized passive urethral resistance relation was 4.6 :± 1.1 and 3.5 ± 1.5 respectively, showing a significant difference ( P ＜.05 ) between the two groups.Seventy-two point two percent (26/36) of the patients with bladder trabeculation had a low compliance bladder, among whom 23.1% (6/26) of the patients had bilateral hydronephrosis with renal insufficiency.The percentage for the control group was 42.6% (29/68) and 10.3% (3/29) respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The bladder trabeculation found by B-ultrasound in BPH patients suggests the existence of BOO and a high risk of bilateral hydronephrosis.Bladder trabeculation in patients without urinary retention suggests they are in compensation status.Relief of the obstruction is helpful to recovery of bladder function and the reduction of complications.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of low dose of oral desmopressin in elderly women with nocturia. Methods Eligible female patients with nocturia older than 60 years were included in this study.A total of 97 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups.Care was taken to match the patients of the two groups by age and clinical criteria.Control group (n=48 ) received liquid restriction during nighttime.Experimental group (n=49) received 0.1 mg desmopressin at bedtime and liquid restriction for 8 weeks.Patients were required to visit the outpatient clinic from the first visit,and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment.Patients maintained flow volume charts and used diaries to record voiding data throughout the study.At each visit,all patients were evaluated by blood biochemical routine test,mean nocturnal urine volume,mean number of nocturia,mean duration of the first sleep period and sleep quality.At baseline,all the patient's blood sodium,liver and kidney function were normal. Results After 4 weeks of treatment with desmopressin,28 patients (57.1％) had less than 2 voids.15 patients (31.3％) in the control group had less than 2 voids.After 8 weeks,35 patients (71.4％) with desmopressin had less than 2 voids.16 patients (33.3％) in the control group had less than 2 voids.Compared with control group,nocturia cure rate in experimental group was significantly higher after 4 weeks and 8 weeks (P ＜ 0.05).After 8weeks,desmopressin significantly decreased mean nocturnal urine output from 590 ± 70 ml to 376 ± 50 ml (P ＜ 0.05).Mean nocturnal urine output in the control group was not significantly decreased from 600 ± 90 ml to 550 ± 60ml (P ＞0.05) ; Mean number of nocturia before and after receiving desmopressin were 2.9 and 1.6 respectively which differed significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Mean number of nocturia before and after in control group were 2.8 and 2.3 respectively with no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The mean duration of the first sleep period increased by 73％ (from 2.2 to 3.8 h) in the desmopressin group,compared with an increase of 19％ (from 2.1 to 2.5 h) in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).39 (79.6％) patients in demopressin group were satisfied with sleep quality compared with only 15 (31.3％) patients in control group were satisfied (P ＜ 0.05).No serious complications were found during the medication.All the patient's blood sodium,liver and kidney function remained normal during treatment. Conclusions Low does oral administration of desmopressin could be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for nocturnal polyuria in elderly women.