Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

Humans ; Occupational Health ; Protective Devices

Ear Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Biomaterials are commonly applied in regenerative therapy and tissue engineering in bone.Generally,nanoparticles interact distinctively with bone cells and tissue,depending on their com-position,size,and shape.Therefore,detailed analyses of nanoparticle effects on cellular functions have been performed to select the most suitable candidates for supporting bone regeneration.This review will highlight potential nanoparticle applications in bone.We found that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display exceptional regenerative potential.The delivery of genetic material with nanoparticulate carriers offers the possibility of overcoming certain disadvantages of standard protein delivery approaches.Moreover,nanoparticles are already clinically applied in cancer treatment.Thus,corresponding efforts could lead to new therapeutic strategies to improve bone regeneration or to treat bone disorders.

Through tracing literatures of TCM theories,this article discussed the theoretical basis for treating chloasma from liver.60 female chloasma patients were selected and treated with traditional Chinese medicine of dispersing the depressed liver qi.By observing the score of SDS and SAS,we analyzed the influence of emotion on female chloasma,and the effectiveness of treating chloasma from liver.The article believed that paying attention to regulate the whole body condition will exert a treating at fundamental causeof the disease.

Objective To study changes of serum enzymes among acute mesenteric vasculopathy (AMV) and several surgical acute abdomens for early diagnosis of acute mesenteric vasculopathy.Methods Rabbit models were established for acute mesenteric artery ischemia,acute mesenteric venous ischemia,acute mechanical ileus,acute strangulated intestinal obstruction,acute gastric perforation,acute pancreatitis,sham group,blank control group.Serum enzymes were tested after 0,1,3,6,9 h.Result Compared with blank control,acute mesenteric vasculopathy experienced significantly alterations of the serum enzymes.ALT (alanine aminotransferase),ALP (alkaline phosphatase),r-GT (glutamyl transferthe enzyme) were significantly higher after mesenteric veins blocked 3 hours,LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) was significantly higher after mesenteric venous blocked 6 hours (P ＜ 0.05).ALT was significantly higher after mesenteric artery blocked 6 hours (P ＜ 0.05).Elevated ALT were statistically different in acute mesenteric vasculopathy compared with blank control,sham group,gastric perforation,mechanical ileus,and strangulated intestinal obstruction (all P ＜ 0.05) ; r-GT level was statistically different between acute mesenteric artery ischemia and acute mesenteric venous ischemia.Conclusions Mesurements of serum enzymes level are helpful to make early diagnosis of acute mesenteric vasculopathy.

Objective To investigate the factors related to negative conversion of HBsAg in patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB).Meth-ods A total of 106 AHB patients who were admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases,Zhoukou Central Hospital from February 2007 to February 2013 were recruited.Liver function,five serological markers of HBV infection (HBsAg,HBeAg,anti-HBs,anti-HBe,and anti-HBc),and HBV-DNA were measured every three months.All patients were followed up for 12 months.The major HBV genotypes (A through D)were determined by type-specific primer nested PCR.Categorical data were expressed as rates and compared with χ2 test;continuous data were expressed as mean ±SD and analyzed by t-test.Results When just admitted to our hospital,compared with the pa-tients with negative conversion of HBsAg,AHB patients with HBsAg persisting for more than 6 or 12 months had a significantly lower peak level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(718 ±696 vs 1282 ±913 U/L,622 ±514 vs 1203 ±924 U/L,P<0.05)and a significantly high-er level of HBV-DNA (6.8 ±1.4 vs 5.2 ±1.5 log10 copies/ml,7.3 ±1.6 vs 5.4 ±1.5 log10 copies/ml,P<0.05).The HBsAg clear-ance rate in patients with HBV genotype A was significantly lower than that in patients with HBV genotype B or D (75.0% vs 89.5% or 100%,83.3% vs 97.4% or 100%,P<0.05).Conclusion The HBsAg clearance rate in AHB patients may be associated with HBV genotypes,peak level of ALT,and HBV-DNA.