Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

As a kind of abnormal phenomena,mirror movement occurred after both stroke and Parkinson's disease,and influence the rehabilitation prognosis was uncertain.Recently,bilateral training has been used in the stroke patients and showed some effect.

Recently, the clinical trials of combined immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular were completed successfully (Imbrave150, Keynote524), which have significantly increased the objective response rate and prolonged median overall survival time. The success of combined immunotherapy provides great potential and reality for subsequent surgical intervention of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nowadays, the hot topics of combined immunotherapy include the choices of combined immunotherapy, the perioperative period determination, tumor immune microenvironment, and effective biomarkers of immunotherapy selection, and so on. This paper intends to summarize the above-related issues.

The outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in January 2020, the epidemic is still rampant around the world. The Shanghai Expert Consensus on Comprehensive Treatment and Management of Corona Virus Disease 2019 was issued in early March 2020, which provided the guidance of the standardized treatment and rational medication for COVID-19. The administration of " four agents (glucocorticoids, heparin, high-dose vitamin C, Interferon-κ) and one peptide (thymic peptide)" recommended by the consensus is the key to successfully block and treat critical illness.

The 80th American Diabetes Association(ADA)Scientific Sessions was held online from June 12 to 16, 2020. There was some hot debates on the topics of diabetes related complications in the annual meeting of ADA. Endocrinologists and cardiologists debated and presented different perspectives. This paper will summarize the debates on the following five topics: (1)Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes are distinct pathophysiologic entities.(2)Guideline recommendations for cardiovascular risk and disease management in type 2 diabetes.(3)Drawing the line between primary and secondary prevention—necessary or too simplistic? (4)Should metformin be considered first-line therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes with established arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)or at high risk for ASCVD? (5)Primary cardiovascular prevention with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor agonists.

Pregnancy complicated by Marfan syndrome (MFS) could increase adverse pregnancy outcomes. The most serious MFS-induced complication is aortic dissection (AoD), which could endanger both the mother and the fetus. This article summarizes the research progress in China and overseas in the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complicated by MFS in recent years in order to raise awareness and improve prenatal diagnosis and pre-conception counseling, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and timely perinatal multi-disciplinary standardized treatment with a view to improving the prognosis.

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a kind of respiratory emergency that causes severe respiratory distress in children.Bronchoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of PB in children.To enable more PB children to benefit from bronchoscopy examination and treatment, pediatric clinicians should improve their knowledge of bronchoscopy and be familiar with the timing of endoscopic treatment of PB, the choice of rigid bronchoscope or fiber bronchoscopy, the efficacy of bronchoscopy interventional therapy, and the safety of bronchoscopy treatment.