OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rule for circulation system structure of drug market,and to analyze drug circulation costs.METHODS:The rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation were analyzed.The quantitative conception of circulation links(y),circulation extents(n),last nodes(m) and transaction relations were introduced and their relationship were investigate using mathematic model.The proportions of transaction relation in various sections were adopted to analyze circulation cost.RESULTS:There were rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation.The microstructure showed as a dendrogram circulation structure.Last nodes(m) and circulation extents(n) determinated circulation links(y),relationship between them was y=lnm/lnn.The proprotion of transaction relations in the last link was much higher than in the middle links.CONCLUTIONS:According to the mathematic model,transaction relations mainly concentrate in the last link.As a result it is not possible for us to cut down the quantity of transaction relations and the circulation costs through compaction of the middle links.

OBJECTIVE:To reveal the relationship between mark-up rate and false high price of drug and to study the formation mechanism of drug brokerage.METHODS:Based on the concrete condition,the ratio of circulation costs to production costs was analyzed with mathematical technology to establish price curve equation.The price base line and the formation mechanism of drug brokerage at condition of mark-up rate were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:If the circulation costs had no elasticity and mark-up rate(?) was less than the ratio of circulation cost to production cost,there were three kinds of results:if price was determined according to the rule,drug had withdrawn from the market in view of unbalance of the circulation costs;false production costs induced the false high price of drug;brokerage of drugs were conducted.Theoretically the less the value of ? makes,the more false high price and brokerage of drug are.

Objective To develop and verify a reporter gene assay(RGA) for the detection of biological activity of human growth hormone(hGH).Methods The biological activity of hGH was evaluated by the expression of luciferase(Luc)activated by hGH binding to hGH receptor(hGHR) on HEK293/GH-Luc cell membrane.The developed detection conditions were as follows:the initial concentration of sample was 1 μg/mL;the cell inoculation amount was(2.45～2.66) × 10~4 cells/well;the sample was of 3-fold serial dilution,with a total of 8 dilutions and the incubation time was 18～24 h.The relative biological activity of the sample was calculated by measuring Luc intensity and comparing it with the national standard by four-parameter fitting.The developed method was verified for specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability.Results The excipient components in product and the serum components in culture medium showed no effect on the activity detection results;The geometric coefficient of variation(GCV) of relative titer of one batch of samples in six repeated detections was 6.794%,much lower than 20%.The relative titer GCV detected by two experimenters in different batches of samples at different times were both lower than 20%;The relative deviations of the relative titer determination values of samples at different concentrations were within ±12%,the slope of linear regression equation was 0.982,the linear range was 0.6～1.6 μg/mL,and the coefficient of determination(R~2) was 0.997;The GCV of three batches of stock solutions and one batch of finished products were 4.758%,4.430%,7.294% and 2.771% respectively under the conditions of different cell generation,cell density and sampling location,all of which were less than 20%.Conclusion The developed RGA showed good specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability,which met the application requirements and was expected to replace the traditional in vivo biological activity detection methods for the activity evaluation and quality control of hGH.

Objective To investigate the 9 . 4 T of DTT in the diagnosis of SD rat C6 cerebral gliomas model about the change of CST on tumor progression and pathology confirmed. Methods ①10 μl C6 cell suspension of 106 cells number were implanted into the right caudate nucleus of brain hemisphere of 20 adult male SD rat with ster-eotactic technique. ②Application of 9. 4 T of DTT and DTI, meanwhile the routine T1-weighted imaging(T1WI), T2-weighted imaging(T2WI), contrast-enhanced T1WI,FLAIR imaging and diffusion tensor of the brain were ac-quired. Anatomic relationship between cerebral glioma and surrounding white matter fiber tracts was analyzed and measured the values of FA and MD in different areas on fractional anisotropic ( FA) map, color-coded directional map, three-dimensional (3D) white matter fiber tracts map, then stained with routine HE. Results All of SD rat C6 cerebral gliomas models 3 D white matter fiber tracts map by means of FA maps of DTI were successfully comple-ted. Apparently significant differences of FA values were found in solid tumor, surrounding edema, compared with normal white matter regions ( P<0.05 );but there was no significant difference among solid tumor and surrounding edema region (P>0.05);there were significant differences of MD values between solid tumor, surrounding edema and normal white matter region ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusion The 9 . 4 T of DTT offers the optimal visualization of An-atomic relationship between cerebral glioma and surrounding white matter fiber tracts in the different periods of the tumor moder.

Objective To investigate the relation of peripheral leukocyte total and its differential counts with urinary albumin(UAlb)in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods The 564 subjects with type 2 diabetes were stratified according to UAER levels.The total and differential leukocyte counts of peripheral blood were measured.Demographic and potential metabolic confounding factors were analyzed with multiple correlation and logistic regressions to evaluate the effects of leukocyte counts on UAER.Results With the increase of UAER,the peripheral total leukocyte,neutrophil,monocyte,eosinophil and basophil counts increased.In contrast,the lymphocyte count decreased.The differences persisted even after adjusting the influence of age,sex,duration of diabetes and other known risk factors.Conclusions Our study shows that peripheral leukocyte counts,even within the normal range,are related with UAlb in subjects with type 2 diabetes in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To compare the levels of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsC-RP) among subjects with normal fasting glucose plus normal glucose tolerance(NFG/NGT),IFG,IGT and IFG plus IGT,and to analyze the related risk factors. Methods 443 nondiabetic subjects aged 39-65 years were seperated into four groups:NFG plus NGT,IFG,IGT and IFG plus IGT.The serum hsC-RP levels and related factors were analyzed. Results Compared with IFG subjects,IGT subjects had higher hsC-RP levels.No differences in hsC-RP levels were found between NFG plus NGT group and IFG group, as well as between IGT group and IFG plus IGT group.Stepwise multiple regression showed that BMI and HOMA-IR were independent predictors of hsC-RP. Conclusions IGT subjects have significantly higher serum hsC-RP level than IFG subjetcts. The serum level of hsC-RP is associated with insulin resistance and the components numbers of metabolic syndrome.

[Objective] To observe the effects of pine pollen on the changes of p16INK4a and p21WAF1 in 2BS cells.[Method]The 2BS cells were cultured from 28 population doubling(PD)and divided equally into the young control group,old control group,middle-dose pine pollen group(120mg/dl)and high-dose pine pollen group(240mg/dl)randomly.Regulate the phases of cell cycle by flow cytometry,and then the expression of p16INK4a,p21WAF1 mRNA were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.[Result]The amount of cells in G1 phase was depressed in middle-dose pine pollen group(72.73%?1.76%)and high-dose pine pollen group(64.15%?0.87%)than in old control group(81.33%?3.43%)noticeablely(P

Objective To assess the impacts of management of psychological health on metabolic indictors in community residents.Methods A total of 300 health check-up adults from one single community were randomly assigned to the control group (receiving routine health management,n =150) and the study group (receiving psychological health management,n =150).Blood pressure (BP),fasting plasma glucose (FPG),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and life style were evaluated and compared at baseline and 1-year follow-up.Results No difference of clinical data was found between the two groups at baseline.After 1-year intervention,current sigarette smoking,BP,FPG,TC,TG and LDL-C of the study group were significantly decreased when compared with the control group (x2 =7.54,t =6.43,5.38,5.89,6.15,4.36,6.69,5.47 ; all P ＜ 0.05).Compliance to and satisfaction with health management were significantly improved in the study group (x2 =9.13,12.35,11.96,10.98,9.95 ; all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Management of psychological health may be effective in improving healthy life style,patients' satisfaction and cardiovascular metabolism in community residents.

MircoRNAs (miRNAs) are widely existing inorganisms, non-coding small RNA. MircoR-NAs play important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress resistance and fat metabolism. In vitro studies indicate that miRNAs are important factors in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer cell lines. However, the pathway of platinum resistance of ovarian cancers is complex. Studies find miRNA expression play important roles in the sensitivity of platinum resistance of ovarian cancer cell lines , and can be used as an early alert for platinum resistance. Changing the expression of miRNA even can reverse the platinum resistance . But the regular role of miRNAs in target genes network is still unconfirmed. Thus, more studies about miRNA in vivo and animal tumor models are needed to identify the function of miRNAs in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer.

Objective To compare and analyze the different clinical features between male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), by detecting the gender difference to make clinical decisions. Method The clinical features of 95 male RA patients(MRA) were analyzed and compared with those of 248 female RA patients (FRA) by retrospective analysis method. Results The mean onset age of MRA [18-79 (51.40±15.55) years old] was older than that of FRA[18-75(43.54 ±15.46) years old](P=0.0002). The morning stiffness time of MRA [(1.58 ±1.34) h] was shorter than that of FRA [(2.10 ±1.51) h](P = 0.0357). There was statistical difference in the first involved joint between MRA and FRA (P=0.0170), the prevalence of knee,metatarsonphalangeal joint,shoulder and ankle of MRA was higher than those of FRA, ' but conversely the wrist prevalence of FRA was higher than that of MRA.The prevalence of secondary Sj(o)gren syndrome of MRA(13.68%, 13/95) was rather lower than that of FRA(35.08%, 87/248)(P = 0.0007). MRA had lower positive rate of ANA (2.11% ,2/95) and lower value of IgM [(1.42 ±0.75) g/L] than FRA [(10.48% ,26/248), (1.69 ±0.86) g/L] (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between MRA and FRA in articular radiographic changes, most extraarticular manifestations and lab results (P >0.05). Conclusions MRA patients have older onset age and milder articular symptom than FRA patients. The disease severity of MRA is similar to that of FRA. Weighted joints are more involved in MRA. FRA is more inclined to have secondary Sj(o)gren syndrome.