Programmed death1 (PD-1) is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cell. The combination between PD-1 and its legends PD-L1/PD-L2 activate downstream signaling pathways and negatively regulate T cell activation. Ab?normal increase expression of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface mediates the tumor immune escape. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway contributes to antitumor effect of T cells. The development of this pathway inhibitors has become a hot spot for tu?mor immunotherapy. This article expounds the progress about antitumor effects mediated by PD-1 pathway inhibition from experiments in vivo or in vitro and clinical development of PD-1 pathway inhibitors, providing a new target for cancer immu?notherapy and theoretical and clinical basis for the clinical application of immunotherapy with traditional therapy methods.

Abnormal endothelial growth factor receptor transportion was involved in the development of tumor so more and more researches focus it as a target of anti-tumor therapy. Based on the known mechanism in EGFR mis-localization this review summarized the latest research progress in the abnormality in signal of EGFR transportation and its role in tumori?genesis, anti-tumor drug and therapy that target to EGFR. It is aim to provide reference for the development of anti-tumor treatments which target EGFR and for the mechanism in resistance of anti-tumor.

Objective To study the relationship of cytokines and cytokine receptors gene polymorphism with acute rejection in kidney transplantation recipients,whose 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 kinds of cytokines and their receptors were tested with cytokine oligonucleotide array.Methods According to the allele sequences of 21 gene polymorphisms of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,TNF-?,TGF-?_1 and their receptors,58 oligonucleotide probes were synthesized. A pair of group special primers labeled by the Cy5 were designed and were used in the PCR. The labeled PCR products with Cy5 were hybridized with array. The signals were scanned by a scanner and analyzed by image software. Genomic DNA samples from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 144 kidney transplant recipients were tested by this array. The distribution of 21 single nucleotide polymorphism in cytokines and cytokine receptors was compared between two groups according to the presence or absence of acute renal rejection.Results In recipients,the gene polymorphism distribution in rejection group and non-rejection group showed significant difference (P

Objective To observe the effect of aerosol inhalation of ambroxol combined with budesonide on neonatal pneumonia .Methods 66 infants with pneumonia treated were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into observation group ( n =33 ) and control group ( n =33 ) according to the random number method.The treatment group were treated with ambroxol combined with budesonide and the control group were treated with budesonide.The two groups of infant lung function, clinical outcomes and blood flow were compared.Results The total effective rate (93.94%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (45.45%), there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).After treatment, FEV1 and PEF in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment, the observation group [(95.21 ± 7.69)%, (93.21 ±7.89)%] were significantly higher than those of the control group[(87.03 ±7.23)%, (84.55 ±7.45)%], the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).The OI of the two groups was significantly higher than that of the control group and the OI of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group.PaCO2 of the two groups decreased significantly and the PaCO2 of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion The combination of ambroxol and budesonide is effective in the treatment of neonatal pneumonia.It can effectively improve the infant pulmonary function, shorten the treatment time and improve the hemodynamics of infants .

The resection can be performed in about 20 percent of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma(PHC) in clinic. However, with the development of interventional treatment such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE), better therapeutic effect has been achieved by two-stage resection such as TACE in patients with unresectable PHC. At present, surgical resection is still regarded as the first choice of PHC, and the principle of comprehensive therapeutic solutions around surgical operation has been established. The pretreatment of TACE is an important measure to improve the therapeutic effect in PHC.This paper discussed the mechanism, effect and value of TACE in pretreatment of unresectable PHC. The selection of operative opportunity, sign, and ways after TACE and the factors affecting prognosis of two-stage resection were also reviewed.

Objective To evaluate the effects of immobilization of flexor tendon with elastic rubber band after the repair in 58 cases with flexor tendon completely severed in Zone Ⅱ . Methods The severed flexor tendon was repaired with the modified Kessler method. The rubber band was linked to the end of the nail with silk thread. The forearm and hand joint were immobilized by dorsal plaster cast.The rubber band was fixed with short tube plaster at the lower part of forearm so as to keep the interphalangeal joints in flexion. 48 hours post operation, exercises were done to extend fingers initiatively and flex fingers passively with the help of the elastic rubber band. The practice lasted for 3 weeks. Results The patients were followed up for three to six months.The digital functions of flexion and extension were normal. Conclusion Using elastic rubber band to immobilize flexor tendon post operation proves to have a remarkable effect on the functional recovery.

Objective To investigate the application of colposcope in cervical cancer screening in Yunnan ethnic minority areas.Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted on 641 women,and the data of the colposcopy and biopsy were reviewed retrospectively.The colposcopy and pathological diagnosis results were compared.Results The minority women thought colposcopy more acceptable was 78.64％ (383/487).The colposcopy found suspected low-grade cervical lesions were 377 cases,high-grade cervical lesions were 245 cases,cervical condyloma were 15 cases,cervical cancer were 4 cases.The pathological results:278 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅰ,174 cases of CIN Ⅱ,55 cases of CIN Ⅲ,15 cases of cervical condyloma,4 cases of cervical cancer.The consistent rate of colposcopy and pathological examination was 68.17％ (257/377) in low-grade lesions,89.39％ (219/245) in high-grade lesions,cervical cancer and cervical condyloma was entirely consistent.Conclusions The colposcopy is more easily accepted in Yunnan ethnic minority areas,which could be a preliminary diagnosis of cervical lesions,cervical condyloma and cervical cancer.It has an important clinical application value in diagnosis of cervical diseases.

Objective: To develop price framework of medical service price project and introduce the weights calculation method of the new edition medical service price project. Methods: According to the new instruction manuals of medical service price and the research of the resource costs based on the relative value(RBRVS)of the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the American Medical Association ( AMA ) , an analysis framework and dimension of medical service price was raised and authoritative international medical service project price methods w ere summarized. Results: Based on the percentages of constituted factors and the professional features, it found the weights calculation model could be constructed with the weights model, and it could calculate the weights of the elements. Conclusion: Medical service price can be measured and comprehensively researched from the different dimensions of the medical service price, so as to carry out the pricing work of medical service price project and provide better service for pharmaceutical reform.

Aim A method of coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and astrocytes of rats was used to evaluate nanoparticle' s blood-brain barrier (BBB) transcytosis and toxicity at the endothelial tight junction. Methods A lipophilic fluorescent probe, 6-coumarin, was incorporated in poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly (lactide) nanoparticle using double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. BCECs and astrocytes were firstly isolated from brain of newborn rats and characterized by their morphology and immunocytochemistry staining, separately. Subsequently, a coculture model with BCECs on the top of micro-porous membrane of cell culture insert and astrocytes on the bottom side was established. The permeability of 14C-labeled sucrose and nanoparticle were determined, separately. Results The meanweight-based diameter of 6-coumarin loaded nanoparticles was ( 102.4 ± 6.8) nm, with zeta potential of ( - 16.81 ± 1.05) mV. BCECs were positive for factor Ⅷ staining and glial fibrillary acidic protein was tight junction between BCECs in the coculture model could be visualized by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The unchanged paracellular transport of sucrose proved vivo situation for examination of the permeability of nanoparticle and toxicity evaluation.

Background and purpose: ~(125)I seeds implantation was mainly used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Recently, this technique has been used to treat other solid tumors such as lung cancer or liver cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technique and effect of interstitial brachytherapy for intraperitoneal tumors. Methods: From February 2006 to January 2009, 20 patients with intraperitoneal tumors were treated with interstitial brachytherapy. The study included 7 cases with liver metastases, 8 cases with retroperitoneal lymph nodes metastases, three cases with pancreatic cancer, 2 cases with pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer. Results: All the patients received CT scan follow up 2 months after treatment. CR, PR, SD, PD were obtained in 7, 7, 3 and 3 cases, respectively. The total response rate was 70%. Conclusion: Interstitial brachtherapy is one of the effective treatments for the patients with intraperitoneal tumor. The adverse events are tolerable but the long-term benefits of this treatment method need further study.