The activation of CD40-CD40L costimulatory signal channel plays a necessary role in T cellmediated immune response. Activation of CD40 on antigen presenting cells by CD40L which expressed on Tlymphocytes, while contributing to the pro-in? ammatory response necessary for eradication of infection, accounts for the pathology in autoimmunity. Meanwhile, there is evidence that CD40 is also expressed on T-lymphocytes and can act as a costimulatory molecule. Further dissection of the exact nature and role of CD40 in T cell activation could lead the way to novel therapeutics for diseases which include organ-graft refection, autoimmune diseases,tumor, and inflammation.

Objective To research some parameters' influence on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of MR. Methods Magphan phantom was used to do experiments on 1.5T, 0.5T and 0.23T MRI. Scan parameters such as NEX, scan matrix and slice thickness were altered.Evaluate whether the change of SNR varied with parameter to be in accordance with the SNR law.Results (1) When spin echo pulse applied and NEX changed, the results of high field device A and B weren't in accordance with SNR theory, and high filed device C and low field device F were in accordance with SNR theory. When fast spin echo pulse applied and NEX changed, the result of device B was in accordance with SNR theory. (2) When scan matrix changed, measured value was lower than ideal value for little matrix, and vice versa. (3) The measured value was very closely to ideal value for little slice thickness. When slice thickness exceed 5 mm, the difference between the measured value and ideal value was significance.Conclusion Based on the SNR theory, the user of MRI should consider the running characteristic of MR system to select scan parameters.

Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) are common hospital-acquired infections with higher mortality, longer hospital stay and more hospitalization expenses. With the latest research results and evidence-based guideline methodology, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) have collaborated to create updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HAP and VAP in 2016. It is worth critically reading and thinking that most recommendations are supported by low-quality or very-low quality evidence and some strong recommendations is different from the actual clinical work in China. We will focus on these topics that are associated closely with clinical practice and inconsistent with the current implementation in China to provide better understanding of the guideline.

Physical activity is closely related to the quality of life of postoperative patients with breast cancer, which is expressed in fre-quency, duration, intensity, and others factors. There is no uniform measurement of physical activity, the common measurements may be classified as subjective and objective, such as exercise log, physical activity questionnaire and self-reported physical activities of the former;doubly labeled water, indirect calorimetry, motion sensors and heart rate monitors of the latter. The age, educational level, social and eco-nomic status, and body mass index are related to the level of physical activity in patients post operation for breast cancer, while illness and treatment, psychological and social support, and health-related quality of life also affect the level of physical activity, which suggest that such patients need to improve their physical activity before operation.

Objective To evaluate the effect of ecoimmunonutrition enteral nutrition on systemic inflammatory response and prognosis in patients with acute severe acute pancreatitis. Methods Fifty-seven patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomly divided into two groups: parenteral nutrition (PN) group(28 cases), and ecoimmunonutrition(EIN) group (29 cases), each of the two nutrition formulas was given to each group respectively for 7 days. The level of plasma endotoxin and serum concentrations of TNF-α ,IL-1β ,IL-6 and IL-10 and monocyte NF-κB were tested at admission,1 d,3 d,5 d,7 d after nutrition support. Statistics the two groups results of clinical prognosis. Results The levels of endotoxin, TNF-α ,IL-1β ,IL-6 and IL-10 , NF-κB activities in EIN group were no significant difference compared with PN group at admission. After nutrition support 7 d, the levels of endotoxin, TNF-α ,IL-1β ,IL-6 and IL-10 , NF-κB activities in EIN group were (2.70 ± 0.13) ng/L, (30.13 ± 8.12) ng/L, (20.17 ± 8.04) ng/L, (36.43 ± 8.24)ng/L, (86.45 ± 14.54) ng/L, (70.4 ± 3.2)% respectively, which all were significantly lower than those in PN group [(3.25 ±0.32) ng/L, (313.42 ± 144.35) ng/L,( 155.29 ±32.78) ng/L, (324.15 ± 31.47) ng/L, (472.72 ±48.55) ng/L, (88.4±53)% ](P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion EIN can attenuate endotoxemia.decrease NF-κB activities and concentrations of cytokines, maintain the balance of pro-and anti-inflammation, improve patients' condition and prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical features and early management of combined thoracoabdominal injury (CTI).Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 29 cases with CTI treated surgically.There were 21 cases with penetrating injuries and 8 cases with blunt injuries.All cases were associated with penumothorax and/or hernothorax at various degrees and 13 cases complicated with shock.In this study thoracotomy was performed in 17 cases,laparotomy in 6 cases,thoracotomy plus laparotomy in 5 cases and combined thoraco-laparotomy in 1 case.Results The injury severity score in this series was (40.16±15.23) scores.Four cases were died from hemorrhagic shock (2 cases),pericardial tampenade(1 case) and multiple organ failure(1 case).Conclusions CTI has high mortality rate,and the most frequent cause of death is hypovolemic shock.The operative approach is based on individual injury condition.Early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention are key to improving the cure rate and reducing mortality in severe CTI.

Humans ; Vertigo ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials

Objective To compare the concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine and tyrosine and the ratio of 3-nitrotyrosine/tyrosine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) and those with healthy nervous system for definiting the role of free radicals oxidative damage in pathogenesis of SALS. Methods Subjects consisted of 15 patients with SALS and 15 patients with norml nervous system who underwent lumbar anesthesia for surgery. Their CSF was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The 3-nitrotyrosine concentration was higher in patients with SALS (228.52?124.30 nmol/L) than that in controls (112.86?47.10 nmol/L) (P

砄bjective: To determine the effects of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist( IL lra) on the production of IL 6 induced by IL 1? in human gingival fibroblasts(HGFs). Methods:HGFs at passage 5 were exposed to various concentrations of IL 1? with or without IL 1r? . IL 6 in the culture medium was measured with a sandwish ELISA assay. Results:IL 6(?g/L) produced by HGFs exposed to IL 1? at the concentrations (?g/L) of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 were 207?40.29, 235?80.78, 370?40.62, 570?68.17 and 737.5?83.47 respectively. While that by HGFs exposed to IL 1? at 10 ?g/L with IL 1r?(?g/L) at 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 were 387.5?49.69, 312.5?26.81, 242.5?25.86 and 217.5?21.65 respectively. Conclusion: IL lra can inhibite the IL 1? induced IL 6 production in HGFs.

OBJECTIVE:To search a new concept of marketing for the dog-eat-dog OTC drug market.METHODS:The concept of emotional marketing was explained and the application of which in each link of the OTC drug marketing was ana-lyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The consumption of OTC drugs has come into to an emotional marketing stage.Adopting emotional marketing strategy,seizing consumer's psychology and moving customers by real affection can consolidate status of OTC drugs in the trade war.