Common chronic wounds encountered by Family Physicians in the home care setting include pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, venous ulcers and arterial ulcers. Wound care management starts with a comprehensive wound assessment to determine wound characteristics and identify risk factors for non-healing. This is followed by optimising the wound bed using TIME principles that emphasises judicious debridement, management of exudate, and resolution of bacterial imbalance. An appropriate wound dressing is then selected based on wound characteristics and dressing properties. Finally, it is important to remember that chronic wounds are part of a patient's multiple medical comorbidities, and interacts closely with the patient�s social circumstances and functional status.The underlying aetiology and patient risk factors need to be addressed to optimise wound healing

Healthcare delivery is transforming from hospital-centric episodic care to a more patient-centric comprehensive and continuing care that caters to the changing needs of an ageing population and finite healthcare resources. The transition period during which patients move between healthcare settings is a period of vulnerability that requires well-executed care transitions. The relatively less-developed primary, intermediate and long-term care sector further underlines the importance of good transitional care. This article serves to introduce Family Physicians to the importance of transitional care, its broad concepts and a simple framework to help manage complex patients comprehensively in any Family Medicine practice setting.

Wound healing is achieved through four coordinated and overlapping phases, 1) haemostasis, 2) inflammatory, 3) proliferative and 4) remodelling. This complex process can be disrupted by local or systemic risk factors, resulting in delayed healing and progression to a chronic wound. Chronic wounds interact closely with a patient’s comorbid illnesses, social circumstances and functional status. The Family Physician plays an important role to optimise patient and wound risk factors that impair wound healing. Strategies to enhance wound healing include optimising local wound care based on TIME principles, identification and optimising the underlying causes for poor wound healing and education to the patients and their caregivers in wound care, dressing changes and avoidance of risk factors to prevent recurrence. Complex chronic wound care may need a multi-disciplinary approach involving allied health members to provide additional nutritional, nursing and psychosocial support. There is a role for adjuvants such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and platelet derived growth factor gels to enhance healing in certain wounds but stronger evidence is required to support its routine use.

Discharge planning is an integral component of transitional care. Patients need to have their care needs assessed early in the admission to put in place a robust care plan that can meet the medical, functional, and social needs of the patient. The care plan must then be clearly communicated to the next care provider as well as the patient and his caregiver to avoid gaps during transition across different settings and providers. For patients with complex care needs in the community, an intensive form of primary care far beyond what is offered in traditional primary care is needed. This can be achieved by being connected to the health system and resources, additional efforts in providing the care coordination to navigate the health system, and optimising clinical and social care around the patient’s needs.

Family engagement should be part of a holistic management of any patient. This is especially so in patients who have an acute change in their health condition or function that stresses their social setup. Conducting a family conference is one of the many ways to engage patients and their caregivers and address their bio-psycho-social needs. It is a focused and purposeful approach that engages every member of the health care team and family members in facilitating a common understanding and decision-making with the aim of improving patient care and outcome. A family conference is resource intensive, and should be planned well to maximise the goals that it was set out to achieve. This article was written as a primer to help family physicians understand the indications, preparations needed, and steps to take in conducting a family conference. To facilitate a family conference confidently is a skill and an art that requires practice and constant refinement.

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus is a burgeoning global health epidemic, with an estimated 422 million people living with diabetes in 2014. The number of adult diabetic patients in Singapore is expected to rise to 1 million in 2050. Despite advances made in the management of diabetes and improvements in healthcare accessibility and delivery, the rate and complications of diabetes (myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney failure and lower limb amputation) in Singapore have not decreased. Gaps between guidelines and practice have been reported in several parts of the world. In this narrative review, we aimed to describe the control of diabetes in Singapore over the past 20 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe reviewed studies describing, or trials intervening in, the glycaemic, blood pressure (BP) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control of adult diabetic patients in Singapore published over the past 20 years (1997-2016). Studies selected from comprehensive electronic databases searches were reviewed by 4 reviewers (2 primary care physicians, 1 diabetologist and 1 public health epidemiologist). The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence.

RESULTSWe included 23 articles involving 257,097 subjects. There were 9 longitudinal, 12 cross-sectional and 2 case-control studies. All studies reported mean/median HbA1c between 7.2%-8.6%. BP ranged between 126.5-144 mmHg (systolic) and 70-84 mmHg (diastolic) in 9 studies. Nine studies reported LDL-C between 2.4-3.3 mmol/L.

CONCLUSIONMirroring global patterns, the glycaemic, BP and LDL-C control in adult diabetic patients in Singapore do not appear to be treated to target in the majority of patients.

This home care case illustrates how the SBAR4 model can be used for a complex patient during a transitional care period to define the active problems at hand and the conditions needed to ensure successful outcomes of the management plans. Two home visits are described in this article: first, a home visit done after multiple hospital admissions for fluid overload and congestive cardiac failure; and second, a subsequent visit done after a fall with a resultant clavicle fracture impacting patient’s function and self-care abilities