PURPOSE: To compare the corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of normal young subjects using Galilei(TM) G4 (Zeimer, Port, Switzerland) and Pentacam(R) (Oculus Inc., Wetzlar, Germany). METHODS: Corneal HOAs were measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) in 41 healthy individuals (41 eyes). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were obtained to evaluate the repeatability of the 2 devices. Differences in HOAs between the 2 instruments were analyzed with a paired t-test and correlations evaluated. RESULTS: All ICCs measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed more than moderate repeatability (>0.81) except trefoil, tetrafoil, 4th and 5th HOAs. When comparing the measurements obtained with Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R), total HOAs, spherical aberration (SA), secondary astigmatism and 5th total HOAs were statistically significantly different between the 2 device (all p < or = 0.001). In addition, Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed discrepancy among all corneal HOAs items. Although the total corneal HOAs and the SA were significantly correlated, other HOA measurements generally exhibited a low correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal HOAs obtained by the 2 instruments cannot be used interchangeably due to their differences and discrepancy although corneal HOAs measured using Galilei(TM) G4 and Pentacam(R) showed relatively high repeatability.
Astigmatism ; Lotus

PURPOSE: To compare ocular higher order aberrations measured by two different aberrometers in a sample of normal eyes. METHODS: We included 41 normal eyes of Koreans in this study. Ocular aberration data were obtained through three measurements per eye using Zywave and OPD-Scan devices. Spherical equivalent and higher order aberrations calculated in the central 6 mm zone and expressed as root mean square (RMS) values were analyzed. RESULTS: A comparison of measurements between the Zywave and OPD-Scan devices demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the RMS values of total higher order aberration (p=0.11), but significant differences were detected in the RMS values of total spherical aberration, total coma and total trefoil (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The two different aberrometers that we tested are suitable for taking repeated measurements and are internally consistent, but not interchangeable.
Coma ; Eye ; Lotus

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) is commonly called lotus and its leaves are widely been used as functional ingredients due to its antioxidant activity. For maximum efficacy, optimized extraction condition was established using response surface methodology. The high F-values, low p-values and insignificant p-value for lack-of-fit supported the fitness of the model and yielded the second-order polynomial regression for the antioxidant activity. The optimized extract was obtained by the extraction of 1 g of lotus leaves with 40 mL of 50% MeOH at 10.0℃, which exerted 70.1% antioxidant activity. Close correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity suggested phenolic compounds as active constituents of lotus leaves. In addition, comparison of different parts of lotus demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity of flowers, followed by leaves and roots. Taken together, these results provide useful information about lotus leaves for the development as antioxidant ingredients. In addition, flowers and roots as well as leaves are suggested as good sources for antioxidant activity.
Flowers ; Lotus ; Nelumbo ; Phenol

PURPOSE: To investigate the types of corneal higher-order aberration (HOA) induced by pterygium, residual corneal HOA after pterygium surgery, and correlations between corneal HOA and the length of the pterygium. METHODS: Fifty-three patients who underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft were enrolled. Corneal HOA was measured by Pentacam® (Oculus Inc., Wetzlar, Germany) preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in the 6-mm optical zone. Preoperative and postoperative HOAs of eyes with pterygium were compared with HOAs of the fellow eye to evaluate HOAs induced by pterygium and residual HOAs after pterygium surgery. Partial correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between HOAs and the length of pterygium. A postoperative HOA less than 0.35 µm in size was defined as a favorable surgical outcome and the surgical indications were estimated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Horizontal coma, root mean square (RMS) of coma, oblique trefoil, horizontal trefoil, RMS of trefoil, and total HOA were significantly greater in the eye with preoperative pterygium. Three months after pterygium excision, only RMS of coma and total HOA remained significantly greater in eyes with pterygium. Vertical coma, horizontal coma, RMS of coma, and oblique tetrafoil were correlated with pterygium length. Pterygium excision when pterygium length was less than 1.6 mm led to favorable surgical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Pterygium induced greater than third-order corneal HOAs and these HOAs were corrected via pterygium surgery. Longer pterygium length was associated with larger RMS of coma and larger coma RMS persisted after pterygium surgery. A pterygium length of 1.6 mm should be considered the cutoff for pterygium excision for reducing postoperative corneal HOA.
Autografts ; Coma ; Humans ; Lotus ; Pterygium*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of the amount of myopic correction on long-term changes in higher-order wavefront aberrations (HOAs) in advanced surface ablation-photorefractive keratectomy (ASA-PRK). METHODS: The 193 eyes of 101 patients who underwent ASA-PRK were divided into two groups according to the amount of myopic correction by the median value (Group 1 < or = -4.37D, 97 eyes, mean -3.26 +/- 0.77D; Group 2 > -4.37D, 96 eyes, mean -5.77 +/- 1.00D). Wavefront aberrometry was performed to measure total HOA, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after ASA-PRK. Statistical analysis was performed to compare changes in all HOAs between the two groups. RESULTS: Each magnitude of total HOA, coma, and spherical aberration except trefoil significantly increased at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively in each group (p<0.05), and the increases were statistically significantly higher in group 2 compared to those of group 1 (p<0.05). The amount of changes in all HOAs except trefoil revealed that statistically significantly higher increases in group 2 compared to those of group 1 were determined only in the short-term period (up to 1 month, p<0.05), but not in the medium-term (1 to 6 months) or long-term periods (6 to 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative total HOA, coma, and spherical aberration significantly increased in both groups, and these increases in surgery-induced HOAs were significantly higher in group 2 (> -4.37D). Increases in ASA-PRK-induced HOAs primarily originated from short-term changes in the postoperative one-month period and did not return to the preoperative level during the postoperative two-year period.
Aberrometry ; Aniline Compounds ; Coma ; Eye ; Humans ; Lotus

PURPOSE: To investigate the preoperative characteristics and postoperative change of the higher-order wavefront aberrations (HOAs) in myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS: Standard PRK was performed in 39 eyes (spherical equivalent -4.71+/-1.56D) using the VISX(R) STAR S4(TM) excimer laser system. Wavefront analysis was performed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively using the VISX(R) WaveScan(TM) aberrometer. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the preoperative characteristics of the HOAs and the PRK-induced aberrations. RESULTS: The preoperative root mean square (RMS) value of the total HOAs was 0.291 micrometer: coma 0.159 micrometer, trefoil 0.157 micrometer, spherical aberration 0.093 micrometer. Among the 3 HOAs, only the spherical aberration showed moderate magnitude negative correlation with the spherical equivalent (p=0.012) and sphere (p=0.005). The magnitude of all of the HOAs, except trefoil, were significantly increased at postoperative 6 months: total HOAs 183% (0.533 micrometer, p<0.001), spherical aberration 341% (0.317 micrometer, p<0.001), coma 185% (0.294 micrometer, p<0.001), trefoil 104% (0.163 micrometer, p=0.681). In the postoperative correlation analysis, only the PRK-induced spherical aberration showed the increase of magnitude with increasing preoperative spherical equivalent (p=0.036) and sphere (p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The HOAs, especially spherical aberration and coma, were increased after PRK. Among the 3 HOAs, the spherical aberration showed the greatest increase of magnitude and percent change; it also showed a positive correlation with increasing preoperative spherical equivalent and sphere. Further software improvements in the wavefront-guided surface ablations need to have a diminution of PRK-induced spherical aberration.
Coma ; Lasers, Excimer ; Lotus ; Photorefractive Keratectomy

PURPOSE: To study theeffect of micro incision (1.8 mm) and small incision (2.2 mm and 2.8 mm) coaxial phacoemulsification on surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and high-order aberrations (HOA) of anterior and posterior corneal surface. METHODS: The present randomized clinical study included 32 eyes having a 1.8-mm, 38 eyes having a 2.2-mm, and 30 eyes having a 2.8-mm corneal incision. SIAs were measured at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. HOAs included coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration. The coma-root mean square (RMS) and trefoil-RMS were evaluated at 1 month after the cataract operation. RESULTS: Surgically induced astigmatisms were 0.41 +/- 0.30 diopter (D) in the 1.8-mm incision group, 0.47 +/- 0.21 D in 2.2-mm group and 0.71 +/- 0.50 D in the 2.8-mm group. The SIA of the 1.8-mm group was smaller than the other groups (p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in coma, spherical aberration of the corneal anterior surface and trefoil, or spherical aberration of the posterior surface among the 3 groups at 1 month after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Incision size contributes to postoperative corneal astigmatism. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery with less than 2.8-mm incision does not significantly influence the corneal aberrationsof anterior and posterior corneal surfaces.
Astigmatism ; Cataract ; Coma ; Eye ; Lotus ; Phacoemulsification

From the leaf of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), total alcaloids were extracted and purified in using chloroform in alcaline medium and 3% phosphoric acid solution.In mixing with bromothymol blue in buffer solution at pH=7, the complex was measured at λ =615± 1nm on spectrophotometer. For UV spectrophotometry, total alcaloids in solution were measured at λ=270nm
alkaloids ; Plant Leaves ; Lotus ; Spectrophotometry ; Colorimetry ;

PURPOSE: To analyze changes of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after micro-coaxial cataract surgery according to pupil size and to evaluate systemic factors affecting these changes. METHODS: Forty-two patients (42 eyes) who had undergone micro-coaxial cataract surgery were followed-up in the present study. HOAs (total RMS, coma, trefoil and spherical aberration) were measured at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post surgery. Differences of HOAs according to pupil size and systemic factors affecting changes of HOAs were analyzed. RESULTS: Total RMS (1.08 +/- 0.89 microm) and spherical aberration (0.03 +/- 0.13 microm) were lower in the group with a pupil size between 5.6 and 6.4 mm at 1 month after surgery compared with the group with pupil size lower than 5.5 mm (1.69 +/- 0.97 microm, 0.09 +/- 0.11 microm) or the group with pupil size larger than 6.5 mm (1.75 +/- 0.87 microm, 0.12 +/- 0.18 microm), which remained low at 6 months after surgery. Coma and trefoil showed a similar tendency. Patients with diabetes mellitus had smaller pupil size and higher total RMS, coma, trefoil and spherical aberration values at 1 month after surgery compared with patients without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: HOAs were lowest in patients with pupil size between 5.6 and 6.4 mm after micro-coaxial cataract surgery. Patients with diabetes mellitus tend to have smaller pupil size after micro-coaxial cataract surgery and show higher postoperative HOAs.
Cataract ; Coma ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Lotus ; Pupil

The Lectin from Nulumbo nucifera and Telosma cordata have been extracted and purified by following process: Extraction with suitable medium precipitation with Ammoniumsunphate or Ethanol - ion exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose of DEAE-Cellulose. Preparations having high purity showed homogeneous proteins in SDS-polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis. pH-Optimum of the lectins from Nelumbo nucifera is pH 8.3, but form Telosma cordata is pH 5.5. The potency order of agglutination with monosaccharides was as Fructose, NAc-Glucosamine, Arabinose and NAc-acid Neuraminic for Nelumbo nucifera, but the lectin from Telosma cordata was inhibited only by Fructose, Saccharose NAc acid neuraminic. The lectins from Nelumbo nucifera and Telosma cordata were inhibited by many proteins from original Animals
Lectins ; Lotus ; Plants, Medicinal ; Medicine, Traditional