Objective To explore the protective effect and mechanism of gardenoside on the damage of dopaminergic neurons induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods Both neuron-enriched cultures and neuron-astrocyte cultures were pretreated with vehicle or gardenesides ( 10, 20 and 40 mg/L) for 30 min at 37℃. The culture media were subsequently renewed in order to remove gardenesides. LPS was then added into all culture media at a final concentration of 10 mg/L Twenty-four hours later, the culture media was collected to measure TNF-α, NO, IL-6, GDNF and MMP-9; the cells were collected to count the number of cells labeled with an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and to assess the expression of TH mRNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Gardeneside didn't promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons in neuron-enriched culture, but significantly increased the survival of dopaminergic neurons in neuron-astrocyte culture, compared with the vehicle group, the survival of dopaminergic neurons increased from 203.0%±17.4% to 256.7%±15.2% ( F = 17.22, P = 0.001 ) in 40 mg/L gardenaside group. The amount of TNF-α, NO and GDNF released from the neuron-astrocyte cultures after 24 h of addition of LPS was not changed significantly, while the expression of IL-6 and MMP-9 was increased significantly. In this study, the gardenoside concentration-dependently attenuated the LPSinduced increase of the expression of IL-6 and MMP-9, compared with the vehicle group, the expression of IL-6 and MMP-9 decreased to 67.2%±6.4% (F= 12.89,P =0.001 ), 77.3%±9.8% (F =8.27,P = 0.001 ) respectively in 40 mg/L gardenoside group. Conclusions Astrocytes play a neuroprotective role on dopaminergic neurons, which is decreased by LPS via inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Gardeneside may protect dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced injury in an astrocyte-dependent manner and it inhibits the production of proinflammatory factors instead of promoting the secretion of GDNF. From the point of view that a very low toxicity of gardenesides has been well documented, this report may reveal a new way of developing therapeutic interventions for inflammation-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Objective To investigate the role of astrocyte in the lipopolysaccharide-induced damage of dopaminergic neurons. Methods After lipop01ysaccharide was applied to the third generation of rat astrocytes for 24 hours,supernatants of astrocytes culture were collected.The primary middle-brain dopaminergic neuron-enriched culture systems were obtained by neurobasal and ara-c,eoeulture system of both astrocytes and neurons was established by transwell inserts.The lipopolysaccharide was administered into neuron-enriched systems and coculture systems and the change of dopaminergic neurons was detected.At the same time,the supernatants of astrocytes were administered into the neuron-enriched systems,and the survival of dopaminergic neurons and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA were observed. Results Lipopolysaccharide had a negative effect on the survival of dopaminergic neurons in a concentration-dependent manner.Both astrocytes and supernatants promoted the survival of dopaminergie neurons,and the former was better than the latter. In the preoccupation of existence of astrocytes,low-concentration lipopolysaccharide promoted the survival of dopaminergic neurons,while high-concentration,decreased.The change of the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA was similar to the survival of dopaminergic neurons.Conclusions Astrocytes play a protective role in the damage of dopaminergic neurons induced by lipopolysaccharide,and suitable activation of astrocytes would increase the protective effect while excessive activation of astroeytes would attenuate the effect.

Objective To explore the effects of tracking nursing model on nutritional status of patients with esophageal cancer and radiotherapy.Methods From January 2015 to January 2016,totally 92 patients with esophageal cancer admitted in our hospital and treated with radiotherapy were selected as the research object. Patients were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group according to random number table,with 46 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were given routine nursing,while patients in the observation group received tracking nursing model. Six months after nursing intervention,the subjective global assessment (SGA) grading assessment,biochemical indicators and anthropometric indicators of patients were compared between two groups.Results After intervention,the incidence of SGA-C of patients in the observation group were 4.35%,which was significantly lower than 15.23% in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention,the total cholesterol,triglyceride and blood phosphorus of patients in the observation group were lower than those in the control group,while the albumin and prealbumin of patients in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention,the body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold (TSF) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) of patients in the observation group were higher than patients in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusions Tracking nursing model given to patients with esophageal cancer can significantly improve patients' nutritional status and their health indicators.