Introduction: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in paediatrics.¹ Children were 1.3 times more likely to be treated with antibiotics compared to adults.² Especially, antibiotic prescription is higher in children aged under 5 years.³ Purpose: To identify the most widely used antibiotics in the age group of 0-5. Objectives of the study:
1. To identify the most widely used antibiotics and classify them by pharmacological group
2. To analyze the pharmaceutical dosage forms of commonly prescribed antibiotics for infants and toddlers Methods: In our study, we selected 20 pharmacies from 6 districts (Bayanzurkh, Bayangol, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, Chingeltei, and Sukhbaatar) of Ulaanbaatar city using a single random sampling method. A total of 496 antibiotic prescriptions written for children aged 0-5 years in 20 pharmacies were analyzed. Antibiotic prescription forms for children aged 0-5 years registered in the pharmacies in November, December 2023, and January 2024 were collected. The results were processed using “SPSS 29.0.2” program. Result: Among a total of 496 antibiotic prescriptions written for children, 341 were written in solid dosage form and 155 were in liquid dosage form (suspension). Amoxicillin 250 mg and Amoxiclav 312.5 mg were mostly used from Penicillin group for the treatment of infants and toddlers. Clarithromycin 125mg/5ml from Macrolide group had an important role in treatment. Cefixime 400 mg from the Cephalosporin group was used in some cases such as diarrhea and vomit. Conclusions
1. Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Clarithromycin (Penicillin, Macrolide) antibiotics are the most widely used in the treatment of infants and toddlers.
2. It has concluded that antibiotic prescriptions for infants and toddlers mainly include solid and suspension antibiotics.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is a third leading cause of non-communicable diseases and a leading cause of mortality in Mongolia. Among these, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a complication of coronary artery disease (CAD), is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. In patients with AMI, both epicardial artery blood flow, observed through coronary angiography, and coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) play critical roles in the disease’s pathophysiology. Recent advancements have introduced artificial intelligence (AI)-based softwares which are capable of analyzing coronary blood flow from coronary angiography images. The AI based softwares can assess not only epicardial blood flow but also CMD in recent studies. In this review, we discussed the role of CMD in pathophysiology of AMI, diagnostic approaches, the application of AI-based technologies, their clinical significance, and future directions. Aim: This review aims to explore the pathophysiological relationship of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diagnostic methodologies, the application of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies, and their clinical significance. Hypotheses: 1. AI-based software allows for highly accurate assessment of coronary microcirculation during AMI. 2. CMD during AMI is associated with structural and functional changes in the heart. 3. CMD during AMI is related to disease prognosis and patient outcomes. Methodology:: This narrative review was compiled using a systematic and logical approach, based on publicly available recent clinical and biomedical research literature addressing the above hypotheses. Conclusion In recent years, AI-based image processing software has been developed to analyze angiographic images obtained during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and treatment procedures. These tools show significant promise for early detection and improved diagnosis of CMD during AMI, as well as for better assessment of short- and long-term patient risk.