OBJECTIVE:To discuss problems concerning the current sampling test of drugs in China.METHODS:The rationality of the current drug sampling test method was analyzed empirically according to the theory of sampling test.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The current drug sampling test method is far from perfect and by which the quality of drugs was unable to be effectively controlled.It is recommended that drug monitoring institutions should work out more scientific sampling test scheme so as to ensure the quality of drugs.

[Summary] Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP) is known to promote the release of insulin fromβcells, but this function suffers from a defect in obese patients. More and more evidences suggest that GIP is the bridge between a high-fat diet, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. With the deepening of research in GIP in type 2 diabetes and obesity, GIP may provide new ideas for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Objective To study vascular endothelial cell injury/activation associated with CPB in order to understand the pathophysiology of the complications of patients undergoing cardiovascular operationsMethods Twenty-six patients scheduled for cardiac operations with CPB, were divided into two grourps, group Ⅰ: 14 patients with acyanotic congenital heart diseases undergoing corrective surgical procedures; group Ⅱ: 12 patients undergoing selective cardiac operation for valvular replacement Blood samples were withdrawn from central vein before skin incision,before CPB, 30 min following CPB, at end of CPB, at end of operation, on the first postoperative day and the third postoperative day to measure the levels of circulating endothelial cells(CEC), thrombomodulin(TM) and von Willebrand Factor(vWF).Results The levels of CEC,TM and vWF significantly elevated during CPB and on the first postoperative day in the two groups,as compared with those before operation (P

Detection of the possible role of ERp46,new endoplasmic reticulum protein,on palmitic acid-inducedendoplasmic reticulum stress-apoptosis pathway in βTC6 cells for the new treatment of type 2 diabetes.Results showed that ERp46 played a protective role in palnutic acid-induced cell apoptosis by decreasing the endoplasmic reticulum stress response through three pathway.

Objective　To investigate the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on vascular endothelial cell injury and plasma endothelin-1 and nitric oxide equilibrium in patients undergoing cardiovascular operation with CPB. Methods　A total of 20 patients with congenital heart disease (Group Ⅰ) and 20 with valvular problem (group Ⅱ) were operated on under CPB respectively. Blood samples were collected from central vein before skin incision, before CPB, 30 min after CPB, at the end of CPB, and end of operation, the first morning and third morning after operation. The levels of plasma thrombomodulin(TM), endothelin-1(ET-1) and nitric oxide(NO) were measured. Results　The plasma TM level was significantly elevated during CPB (P<0.01, P<0.05) and 1 d after operation, reached its peak as (4.88±1.12) ng/ml in Group Ⅰand (8.34±1.84) ng/ml in group Ⅱ at the end of surgery and came back to the level as before operation. The plasma level of ET-1 was also increased significantly after CPB and reached peak as (129.04±22.29) in Group Ⅰ and (156.62±29.66) in Group Ⅱ at the end of operation. And the level was still higher than before operation in 2 groups 3 d after operation. No change was found on the level of NO in 2 groups. Conclusion　CPB may cause extensive acute endothelial cells damage for about 24-48 h and recovered about 72 h and it may also cause an imbalance of ET-1 and NO.

Objective To explore the function of stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) and wholebrain radiation therapy (WBRT) in treatment of multiple brain metastasis tumor.Methods Fifty-two patients with multiple brain metastasis tumor were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into simple stereotactic radiation therapy group (22 cases) and whole-brain radiation therapy + stereotactic radiation therapy group (30 cases) according to the radiation therapy method.The median overall survival time and distant brain tumor recurrence rate in 1 year etc.were compared between 2 groups.Results There were no statistical differences in the median overall survival time and fatality rate between simple stereotactic radiation therapy group and whole-brain radiation therapy + stereotactic radiation therapy group:13.0 months (95％ CI 8.05-27.84) vs.13.4 months (95％ CI 8.57-19.48),86.36％ (19/22) vs.86.67％ (26/30),P＞ 0.05.The distant brain tumor recurrence rate in 1 year in simple stereotactic radiation therapy group was significantly higher than that in whole-brain radiation therapy + stereotactic radiation therapy group:45.45％ (10/22) vs.20.00％ (6/30),and there was statistical difference (x2 =3,861,P =0.049).Conclusion Stereotactic radiation therapy and whole-brain radiotherapy can achieved similar median overall survival time.

Objective To observe the change of serum TG in elderly diabetic patients after fatty meal.Methods The diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients of fasting normotriglyceridemia ate the fatty test meal after having been fasting for 12h.Serum lipid were measured at 0,2,4 and 6h after the meal.Results The serum TG level increased in the two groups after the meal,the diabetic patients had a higher TG-AUC than the non-diabetic patients (P

Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination(GB 15976-2015)and Diagnostic Criteria for Schistosomiasis(WS 261-2006)are the only two national health criteria related to schistosomiasis control program implemented in P. R. China. The roles of criteria to guide and accelerate the transition from schistosomiasis control to elimination are concluded ,based on this system?atic review how the criteria led the implementation of the medium?and long?term national plan and provided the guidance when drafting the thirteen?five years national plan for schistosomiasis,and the suggestion to draft more criteria related to schistosomia?sis elimination program and strengthening the implementation of current criteria,so as to precisely guide the schistosomiasis elimination program in P. R. China.

BACKGROUND:In perioperative period of total knee replacement in elderly patients, it is crucial to maintain the normal function of blood coagulation. However, many factors may influence coagulation function of patients in perioperative period. Of them, anesthesia is an important factor. Different anesthesia methods wil produce different effects on blood coagulation. Appropriate anesthesia methods should be selected in the clinic to maintain the stability of coagulation function. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of application of general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia in elderly knee replacement and the effects on the function of blood coagulation. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 135 elderly patients after total knee replacement in Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group from September 2012 to September 2013. Al patients were divided into control group (67 cases;general anesthesia) and observation group (68 cases;epidural anesthesia) according to the mode of anesthesia. Coagulation indexes and D-dimer levels were observed before anesthesia, 6 hours after anesthesia, and 1 day after replacement in both groups. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis was measured and compared between the two groups in 12-month fol ow-up.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Through the statistics and comparison, no significant difference was detected in blood coagulation indexes at different time points in the two groups (al P>0.05). However, significant differences in D-dimer levels were detectable between the two groups at 6 hours after anesthesia and in the morning at 1 day after replacement. D-dimer levels were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (al P<0.05). The incidences of deep venous thrombosis were 3%and 21%in the observation and control groups, respectively, showing significant differences (P<0.05). These results suggest that epidural anesthesia during elderly totak knee replacement obtained good effects, and could maintain stable coagulation function.

Objective To analyze the anesthetic methods and surgical procedures in the treatment of inpatients in N 2 People' s Hospital of Deyang after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods More than 900 patients were sorted for injury triage, among whom 83 patients received emergency surgery within 72 hours after earthquake, and 21 received surgery after 72 hours. After 10 days of the earthquake, the hospitalized patients needing further surgery have been transferred to hospitals in safe regions. Of all patients, 89 (85.58%) were with injuries of extremities, 11 (10.6%) with cerebral trauma, 3 with thoracic injury, and 1 (1.0%) with abdominal trauma. Perioperative noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, pulse and oxygen saturation were detected during the surgery. All patients were cured except that one patient with traumatic flail chest died 12 hours after the surgery. Results Of all patients undergone surgeries, 35 patients (33.7%) received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA), 33 (31.7%) received nerve plexus block (NPB), 5 (4.8%) had CSEA plus NPB, 28 were under general anesthesia (GA) [17 (16.3%) were intubated and 11(10.6%) were non-intubated] and 3 (2.8%) received monitored anesthesia care (MAC). The average ratios of operation time to time for patients stayed in operation room were (51.29±12.38)% in GA group, (53.24±11.39)% in NPB group, (58.43±9.26)% in CSEA group and (77.15±9.27)% in CSEA plus NPB group. There was a significant difference between CSEA + NPB group and the other three groups (P<0.01), and there was no significant difference among GA group, NPB group and CSEA group (P > 0.05). Conclusions During the initial period of rescue, the most common type of injuries are fractures. CSEA plus NPB is encouraged to use as they have the advantages of shorter operation time, higher operation throughput, safety and faster convalescence of the victims.