The paper reviewed the project management model and its evolution in the national schistosomiasis control in China at different stages.The key factors impacting the progress of the control activities were analyzed by introducing the concept of project management,and the principles,i.e.objective management,temporal management,cost-effectiveness management,and quality management,that would have to be complied with in the future control activities were put forward,so as to accelerate the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1 ) induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)into myofibroblasts.Methods:Primary mouse BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow by flushing the tibias and femurs of mice , and passage 3 to passage 5 of BMSCs were used in the experiments . BMSCs differentiation into myofibroblast was induced by different doses of TGF-β1.In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) was added to test its effect on the action of TGF-β1.Expressions of BMSCs differentiation parameters , α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagenα1(Ⅰ) [Col α1(Ⅰ)] and collagen α1(Ⅲ) [Col α1(Ⅲ)] were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis.BMSCs were preloaded for 15 min with 2’, 7’-dichlorohydro-fluorescein diacetate ( DCFH-DA) , then stimulated with TGF-β1 for different times , and fluorescence of ROS was measured using high content analysis .Results:TGF-β1 stimulated differentiation of BMSCs into myofibroblasts and up-regulated expression of α-SMA, Col α1(Ⅰ) and Col α1(Ⅲ) in a dose-dependent manner , which blocked by ROS inhibitor NAC .In addition , TGF-β1 could induce a significant rapid and transient increase in ROS production in BMSCs , and the effect of TGF-β1 on ROS production was peaked at 30 min.Conclusion:TGF-β1 induced differentiation of BMSCs into myofibroblasts via production of ROS.

Objective To explore the relationship between the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and exposure to rural environments and pesticide.Methods Studies relevant to rural residence,farmer occupation,pesticide exposure and ALS were identified from the databases including Embase,Ovid Medline,Pubmed,Cochrane Library,Wanfang data,Chinese BioMedical Literature Database,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,China Science and Technology Journal Database up to March 2015.Quality of studies was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).Analysis of data and publication bias was performed with software Revman 5.3.Results A total of 24 case-control studies and 3 cohort studies were included into the analysis.The NOS scores of all studies were ≥6.The risk of ALS was associated with pesticide exposure (OR =1.41,95％ CI 1.28-1.56) and farmer occupation (OR =1.42,95％ CI 1.29-1.57),but not associated with rural residence (OR =1.21,95％ CI 0.97-1.51).Subgroup analysis of pesticide exposure and ALS revealed that males (OR =1.75,95％ CI 1.39-2.21) had a higher risk than females (OR =1.53,95％ CI 1.13-2.08),and the risk estimate was higher in studies using E1 Escorial standard (OR =1.68,95％ CI 1.45-1.95) than studies not (OR =1.23,95％ CI 1.08-1.40).The meta analysis had a slight publication bias.Conclusions Our findings support pesticide exposure might increase the risk of ALS.Given that farmers always have high levels of pesticide exposure in their work,they should decrease their exposure level or take proper precautions to lower the risk of ALS.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of the split-hand sign in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS).Methods Ninety ALS patients, 41 patients with other neuromuscular disorders and 71 normal controls were recruited for conventional nerve conduction study.Compound muscle action potential ( CMAP) amplitude recorded from abductor pollicis brevis ( APB) , abductor digiti minimi ( ADM) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI), CMAP amplitude ratios, CMAP amplitude differences and split-hand index ( SI) were analyzed.Results The APB/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was significantly lower in the ALS patients (0.44(0.44)) than that in the patients with other neuromuscular disorders (1.31(0.87);z=6.967, P<0.01) and the normal controls (0.99(0.42);z=7.687, P<0.01).The FDI/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was significantly decreased in the ALS patients ( 0.79 ( 0.46 ) ) compared with that in the normal controls ( 1.23 ( 0.39 ); z =5.899, P <0.01 ).The FDI/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was comparable between the ALS patients and the patients with other neuromuscular disorders ( 0.93 ( 0.62 );z=1.737,P=0.081).SI was significantly lower in the ALS patients (2.42 (3.14)) than that in the patients with other neuromuscular disorders (10.10(6.54);q=7.947, P<0.05) and the normal controls (17.93(8.32);q=10.827, P<0.05).SI <5.2 can help differentiate ALS from mimic disorders, with a sensitivity of 83.33% and specificity of 96.43%.Conclusions The split-hand sign appears to be a specific feature of ALS.SI robustly differentiates ALS from mimic disorders and potentially facilitates an earlier diagnosis of ALS.

This study aims to explore the differences of event-related potential (ERP) between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal children, so that these differences provide scientific basis for the diagnosis of ADHD. Eight children were identified to be ADHD group by the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV), and the control group also consisted of 8 normal children. Modified visual-continuous performance test (CPT) was used as the experiment paradigm. The experiment included two major conditions, i. e. Go and NoGo. All the 16 subjects participated in the study. A high density EEG acquisition instrument was used to record the EEG signal and processed these EEG data by means of ERP and spectrum analysis. P2-N2 peak-peak value and spectral peak around 11 Hz were analyzed between ADHD subjects and those in the control group, and then statistical tests were applied to these two groups. Results showed that: (1) Under the condition of Go, ADHD group had a significant lower P2-N2 peak-peak value than the values in the control group (P < 0.05); but under the condition of NoGo there was no significant difference in between. (2) Compared with the control group, the ADHD group had significant lower spectral amplitude around 11 Hz under the condition of NoGo (P < 0.05). However, under the condition of Go the difference was insignificant. In conclusion, there is certain cognitive dysfunction in ADHD children. P2-N2 peak-peak value and spectral peak around 11 Hz could be considered as clinical evaluation indexes of ADHD children's cognitive function. These two objective indexes provide an early diagnosis and effective treatment of ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Brain ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cognition Disorders ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans

Outpatient care services are usually the patient's first contact between the patients and the most bas-ic health care. The provision of outpatient care contributes to immediate and large gains in health status. The pay-ment method is one of the most common incentive methods applied by purchasers to guide the performance of outpa-tient care providers. This systematic review applied cochrane review method, and searched, screened, assessed and synthesized the relevant original studies. 19 studies were finally included. It was found that existing payment methods combined with P4 P interventions could probably slightly improved the health professionals' use of some tests and treat-ments ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 095 , range 1 . 01 to 1 . 17 ) , but may have led to little or no difference in patients' utilisation of health services ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 96 to 1 . 15 ) and may have led to little or no difference in the control of blood pressure or cholesterol ( adjusted RR = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 98 to 1 . 04 ) . Pay for per-formance involves a complex design, each detail design may contain different incentive effect, therefore policy makers intend to apply pay-for-performance to guide the behavior of health providers, the design on each components of pay for performance should be analyzed in order to find more potential intervention points.

Objective To detect mutations of the ADAR1 gene in three Chinese families with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH).Methods DNA was extracted from the blood samples of seven patients with DSH and their 33 relatives in three families with DSH as well as from 50 unrelated healthy controls.PCR and direct sequencing were performed to detect mutations in the ADAR1 gene.Results All the patients carried mutations in the ADAR1 gene.Three mutations were identified,including one frameshift mutation c.2433-2434delAG in family 2 and two missense mutations,i.e.,c.1760A ＞ G (p.Y587C) in family 1 and c.3620G ＞ T (p.G1207V) in family 3.No mutations were found in the ADAR1 gene in unaffected individuals in these families or the healthy controls.Conclusion Two novel missense mutations are found in the ADAR1 gene of two Chinese families,which may represent a molecular mechanism underlying the development of DSH.

Objective To establish homogeneous immunoassay for detecting serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) by using light induced chemiluminescent immunoassay (LiCA). Methods Polyclonal antibodies of cTnI were coated on the receptor particles, monoclonal antibodies of cTnI were biotinylated, and the donor particles were coated with streptavidin, all of which were composed of LiCA reagents. The optimal test conditions and analytical performance of the detection method were studied. Results The method was rapid, sensitive, and detection time was 17.5 min.The analytical sensitivity was 0.045 ng/mL and the functional sensitivity was 0.053 ng/mL.The recovery rate was 104.96%-108.21%;The within-run and the between-run coefficients of variation were 3.88%-5.53%and 7.60%-8.75%, respectively. The interference rates for the endogenous substances were less than 10%. The reference value of cTnI was less than 1.05 ng/mL;Results of cTnI LiCA correlated well with direct chemiluminescence detection (r2 =0.979). Conclusions This approach can be used for the quantitative detection of serum cTnI, and it is homogeneous and is free of clean separation. It provides a convenient, highly sensitive detection platform for clinical practice.

The present residents training for ultrasound departments depends mostly on poorlyscheduled rotation and clinical clerkship,with repeated and obsolete subjects in their training.The authors identified these setbacks and such characteristics as complication of ultrasound medicine,complex and variable ultrasonic scan technique,and the high threshold for beginners.In view of this,the authors adopted the tutorial system training mode for cultivating the residents in their medical care,teaching,research and foreign language competencies.A questionnaire survey of 44 residents so trained evaluated outcomes of the mode,with constructive suggestions raised on expansion of the training base,improvement of teachers’competency and reduction of trainees' workload.

BACKGROUND:The umbilical cord blood is rich in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cel s that have strong proliferation and differentiation ability as wel as ability to form colonies, and exert important roles in stimulating bone marrow function, improving blood cel viability and quantity, promoting immune cel maturation, and maintaining immune balance.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical effects of autologous umbilical cord blood mononuclear cel transplantation on the immunologic function and prognosis for premature infants.
METHODS:Sixty-two preterm infants who entered into NICU immediately after birth, weighing ≤ 1 500 g, were divided into treatment group and control group according to parent’s wil ingness. In the treatment group, the umbilical cord blood was extracted from the umbilical vein and re-infused into the preterm infants after density gradient centrifugation within 4 hours. The cel ular immunity levels, humoral immunity levels and clinical parameters were monitored before and after treatment.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After 1 week of treatment, the CD4, CD4/CD8 levels were significantly increased compared with the control group (P=0.01, 0.03), but CD8 level had no changes. At 1 week after treatment, IgM levels were both increased in the two groups, especial y in the control group (P=0.00);IgA levels had no changes;IgG levels were decreased, especial y in the control group (P=0.02). The incidence of severe infection during hospitalization was 13%in the treatment group, which was lower than the control group (16%), but there was no difference between the two groups. The proportion of infants undergoing mechanical ventilation and average length of stay had significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). After 12 months, the incidence of recurrent respiratory tract infections was zero in the treatment group and one case in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups. These findings indicate that autologous umbilical cord blood mononuclear cel transplantation can improve the immunologic function, slower the reduction of IgG levels, reduce the usage of breathing machine, shorten the length of stay, and reduce the incidence of recurrent respiratory tract infections in preterm infants.