Objective To investigate the usage of neostigmine test in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) initiated from extraocular muscles,including test methods and data analysis.Methods The clinical features of 100 consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis initiated from extraocular muscles were collected retrospectivelly,including initial symptom,number and department of visiting,evolution of symptoms and signs,methods and the judgment of therapeutic response for neostigmine test.Results (1) All patients with MG started from ptosis unilateral or bilateral or diplopia,among which 46％ (46/100)of patients with both ptosis and diplopia.Within 21％ (21/100) of patients,other muscles had been involved except for extrocular muscles before neostigmine test.Seventy-eight percent patients first consulted ophthalmology after (0.7 ± 0.3) month from onset.It took (1.6 ± 1.3) months for patients to visit neurologist for the first time.The average time for confirming diagnosis was (3.3 ± 2.1) months.(2) After (2.0 ± 1.5) times consulted at neurology department and (2.0 ± 1.8) months after symptoms onset,the patients undergone neostigmine test.Positive reaction rate showed lower in low dosage group (60.9％ (14/23) vs 98.3％ (58/59),x2 =18.30,P ＜0.01).Positive rate also showed lower in oral-take pyridostigmine bromide tablets group than neostigmine methylsulfate injection group(15/18 vs 98.3％ (58/59),x2 =4.428,P =0.035).(3) Sixtyfive percent patients had mild to moderate side effects after neostigmine injection,which disappeared in 60-120 minutes.Conclusions Non-standard operations of neostigmine test reduced the effectiveness of its diagnosis for MG initiated from extraocular muscles.Neurologist should attach importance totake standard neostigmine test to identify MG as soon as possible.

Patient′s expectation has been defined as the anticipation that given events were likely to occur during, or as an outcome of, health care. What people expect from their health care are potentially important in predicting patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their care, treatment and health outcomes. There was widespread recognition of the importance of evaluating services from consumer perspectives. In this article, domestic and foreign research in recent years, expectations status, significance and various influencing factors in relation to the expectations in processes of health care were summarized. Consumer evaluations of their health care are now an established component of quality assessment, planners need to understand the expectations underlying patients′views in order to interpret their feedback. Thus leading to improve patient satisfaction and the social evaluation of medical units.

AIM:To explore the effects of endothelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on the migration and the expression of contractile proteins in the pericytes.METHODS: Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells ( HPAECs) and rat cerebral microvascular pericytes were cultured in vitro.Over-expression of IDO in the HPAECs ( IDO-HPAECs) was established.The pericytes were treated with HPAEC-conditioned medium (control group), IDO-HPAEC conditioned medium (treatment group), or IDO-HPAECs-conditioned medium containing 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-mT) ( inhibition group) .The concentrations of nitric oxide ( NO) , tryptophan and kynurenine in the co-culture system were de-termined.The viability, migration and the expression of the contractile proteins in the pericytes were compared.RE-SULTS:No statistical difference of the pericyte viability after treatment with IDO-HPAEC-conditioned medium at 6~48 h was observed (P>0.05).The migratory ability of the pericytes significantly decreased in treatment group compared with control group (P<0.01), and significantly increased in inhibition group compared with treatment group (P<0.01).The concentration of NO in the co-culture system had no significant difference among groups (P>0.05).The concentration of tryptophan was significantly lower in treatment group than that in control group (P<0.01), and significantly higher in in-hibition group than that in treatment group (P<0.01).The concentration of kynurenine was significantly higher in treat-ment group than that in control group (P<0.01), and significantly lower in inhibition group than that in treatment group (P<0.01).The expression ofα-smooth muscle actin and desmin was significantly lower in treatment group than that in control group (P<0.01), and significantly higher in inhibition group than that in treatment group (P<0.01).CON-CLUSION:Endothelial IDO inhibits the migration and the expression of the contractile proteins in the pericytes, and may play essential roles in the regulation of microvasculatures.

Objective To explore the phenotypic characteristics of T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood (PB) of Patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods forty-seven patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 36 health control were selected as our subjects.The patients were divided into definite Diagnosis AS group and potential AS group according to symptom and X-ray,flow cytometry was applied to measure T lymphocyte subsets and HLA-B27 of peripheral blood.At the same time,the levels of ESR,CRP and IgA were also measured.The correlation between T lymphocyte subsets and CRP HLA-B27,IgA level was analyzed.Results There was no significant difference between The definite diagnosis AS patients and healthy controls regarding of the percentages of CD3 + cells in peripheral blood,However the percentage of CD4 + cells in definite diagnosis AS patients was significantly increased than that of healthy controls (P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + cells was 3.80 ± 0.28 in AS patients,higher than that of potential AS patients.T lymphocyte subsets were showed an increase tendency as the increase the level of CRP,IgA.Conclusion Lower CD8 + cell and higher CD4 + cell were showed in the peripheral blood of AS patients,which was correlated with the disease activity and suggesting T cells might be involved in the pathogenesis process of AS.Meanwhile our data indicated that the immune response might be a susceptible factor of AS and early detection of T lymphocyte subsets might provide a diagnosis and treatment basis for diagnosis of AS.Therefore the disorder of T lymphocyte subsets might play an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To analyze the associations between alleles of TNF?-308 and myasthenia gravis(MG) and its subgroups. Methods A biallelic polymorphism at position -308 in the promoter region of TNF? was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and NcoⅠ restricted enzyme. One hundred MG patients and one hundred healthy controls of Chinese were analysed. Results The allele TNF?2(A) was found significantly increased in all patients (0.32 in MG vs 0.21 in healthy controls, P0.05), showing a trend of increase in patients with an late onset of disease (0.34) compared to age matched healthy controls (0.10, P

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of corticospinal tract in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and find optimal testing strategies and optimal cutoff values of DTI indices for individual patient discrimination.Methods Thirty-three ALS patients and 34 healthy controls,collected at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from June 2004 through July 2005,undergoing brain DTI studies and fractional anisotropy (FA) examinations along the corticospinal tract,were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results Compared with the controls,ALS group had significantly decreased FA values in subcortical white matter of the precentral gyrus,the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the cerebral peduncle.In ROC analysis,the average FA value of the former two positions showed the best performance with an area under the curve of 0.917,an optimal cut-off value of 0.604,a sensitivity of 0.759 and a specificity of 0.912.The corresponding data for the average FA of all the three positions and each single position were listed as follows:average of three 0.914,0.648,0.759,0.912; precentral gyrus 0.875,0.509,0.733,0.824; internal capsule 0.845,0.692,0.656,0.941 ; and cerebral peduncle 0.752,0.742,0.656,0.735.Conclusions FA values of the corticospinal tract have a good accuracy in detecting upper motor neuron involvement in ALS.Precentral gyrus and posterior limb of the internal capsule and the average FA values of these two positions were suggested as the preferred testing places and DTI indices for clinical use.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of the split-hand sign in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS).Methods Ninety ALS patients, 41 patients with other neuromuscular disorders and 71 normal controls were recruited for conventional nerve conduction study.Compound muscle action potential ( CMAP) amplitude recorded from abductor pollicis brevis ( APB) , abductor digiti minimi ( ADM) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI), CMAP amplitude ratios, CMAP amplitude differences and split-hand index ( SI) were analyzed.Results The APB/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was significantly lower in the ALS patients (0.44(0.44)) than that in the patients with other neuromuscular disorders (1.31(0.87);z=6.967, P<0.01) and the normal controls (0.99(0.42);z=7.687, P<0.01).The FDI/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was significantly decreased in the ALS patients ( 0.79 ( 0.46 ) ) compared with that in the normal controls ( 1.23 ( 0.39 ); z =5.899, P <0.01 ).The FDI/ADM CMAP amplitude ratio was comparable between the ALS patients and the patients with other neuromuscular disorders ( 0.93 ( 0.62 );z=1.737,P=0.081).SI was significantly lower in the ALS patients (2.42 (3.14)) than that in the patients with other neuromuscular disorders (10.10(6.54);q=7.947, P<0.05) and the normal controls (17.93(8.32);q=10.827, P<0.05).SI <5.2 can help differentiate ALS from mimic disorders, with a sensitivity of 83.33% and specificity of 96.43%.Conclusions The split-hand sign appears to be a specific feature of ALS.SI robustly differentiates ALS from mimic disorders and potentially facilitates an earlier diagnosis of ALS.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare Polylactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) microspheres loaded with Chinese herbal extract cucurbitacin B.METHODS: Cucurbitacin B loaded by PLGA microspheres were prepared by modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method.Central composite design-response surface method was applied to optimize the formulation with PVA concentration and ratio of drug to polymer as independent variables,and with yield of microspheres(Y1),drug loading amount(Y2),encapsulation efficiency(Y3),mean particle diameter(Y4),and the cumulative percentage of the drug release in 24 hr(Y5) as indexes to conduct multiple linear regression and second-order polynomial equation fitting.In vitro release test was performed by modified immediate release method.RESULTS: The results showed that all response variables were greatly fitted by a second-order polynomial equation.The optimal formulation was proved to be as follows: PVA concentration was 0.014 and ratio of drug to polymer was 0.066 5.The microspheres prepared in the optimal formulation were spherical and had smooth surface.Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4,and Y5 were 79.9%,7.83%,80.5%,56.18 ?m and 6.98%,respectively.The cumulative release from microspheres within 35 days reached 86.73%.CONCLUSION: Cucurbitacin B-PLGA microspheres are characterized by prolonged action and sustained-release.Furthermore,the established model has satisfactory predictability.

Objective To investigate the diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)and magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and to study on the physiopathology of ALS.Methods Thirty-eight AIS patients,8 patients with pure lower motor neuron involvement and 5 patients with mixed-type cervical spondylosis and 34 healthy controls were enrolled and examined with the conventional brain MRI,DTI and 1H-MRS.Results T2-weighted and T2 FLAIR images revealed abnormal high signals in bilateral pyramidal tract positions in 21%(8/38)of ALS patients,which was higher than that in the coaex When compared with the control group,the values of FA in the precentral gyms(0.492±0.059 vs 0.552±0.045,F=17.150,P<0.01),the posterior limb of the internal capsule(0.679±0.048 vs 0.727 4-0.031.F=19.481.P<0.01)and the cerebral peduncle(1eft:0.740 4-0.038 vs 0.761 4±0.024.F=4.290;right:0.720 ±0.044 vs 0.746 ±0.034,F=3.264,both P<0.01)of the ALS group were decreased significantly.so were the values of NAA/Cr.And the FA reduction rate was 10.9%,6.6% and 2.8%-3.5% respectively.There was also a significant decrease in FA in the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the occipital lobe in the ALS group.Conclusion Not only does the application of DTI and MRS help to demonstrate upper motor neuron involvement in the brain and facilitate the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ALS,but also increases the understanding of the lesion distribution and physiopathology in ALS.

Objective To explore the short and long-term effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for agricultural residence registration population with the language education and practice education,in order to establish a more effective method of first-aid training for agriculture population.Methods 989 agricultural residence registration people were divided into group A (721 people)and group B (268 people) randomly.Group A received CPR training with language education and group B adopted practice education.On the time before and after training immediatelythe 3rd and 6th month after training,we checked the training results and analyzed the data with statistical methods.Results The short- term effect of two methods was satisfying (accuracy more then 90％ ) and without statistical significance.The effect of group B was better than group A in the 3rd and 6th month after training.Two groups showed higher forgetting rate and some accuracy were less than 50％.Conclusions Agriculture population is in urgent need of first-aid.It may be a more effective method of first-aid training for agriculture population to transform gradually from language education to practice education.At the same time,we may use 4 hours as CPR practice education training time and 6 months as re-training period.