AIM: To study the effects of epimedium pubescens flavonoids (EF) on the skeleton in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Forty 4.5-month-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Rats in sham group were sham-operated and treated by daily oral gavage with vehicle. Rats in other three groups were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) and treated by either daily oral gavage with vehicle, or diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 22.5 ?g?kg~ -1?d~ -1, or EF at 300 mg?kg~ -1?d~ -1 for 90 days. Bone histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM), fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) and tibial shaft (Tx) was performed in undecalcified sections. The left femur was collected to determine bone weight, contents of calcium (Ca) , phosphorus (P ) and hydroxyproline. The uterine weight and the uterine luminal epithelial thickness (ULET) were determined. RESULTS: A significant increase in contents of Ca and P of femur was found in EF group. A tendency of increase was found in %Tb.Ar of PTM, but no significant change was found in bone histomorphometric parameters of LV5 and Tx in EF group. EF had no effect on uterine weight and ULET. CONCLUSION: EF can prevent OVX-induced bone mineral loss of femur, but does not prevent bone loss of PTM and LV5.

AIM: To study the correlative changes of bone mineral contents and histomorphometry of lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized rats by analysis of T-type correlation degree. METHODS: Forty 10.5-month-old virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Basal: at 10.5 mon of age; (2) sham-1:sham-operated at 13 mon of age; (3) OVX-1: ovariectomized at 13 mon of age; (4) sham-2: sham-operated at 16 mon of age; (5) OVX-2:ovariectomized at 16 mon of age. After ovariectomy, all rats were treated orally with NS at 5 ml?kg -1?d -1. At the end-point of study, the undecalcified longitudinal fourth lumbar vertebra (LV4) sections were cut and stained with Goldner's Trichrome for bone histomorphometric analyses. The fifth lumbar vertebra (LV5) was dried with temperature and digested with acid for testing of bone mineral content. Then the effects of bone mineral contents on bone histomorphometry were assessed by analyzing the T-type correlation degree in the Grey system. RESULTS: All degrees of correlation between bone mineral contents and static histomorphometric parameters (trabecular bone volume) (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were positive, but for dynamic histomorphometric parameter (BFR/BV), the correlation degrees were negative. The effect of contents of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on histomorphometric parameters of lumbar vertebrae was much greater than that of the other bone mineral contents. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of T-type correlation degree can evaluate the correlative changes of bone mineral contents and histomorphometry of lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized objectively and fairly.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the relapse of condyloma acuminatum(CA)and the potential capability of tumor necrotic factor (TNF) production of the host′s peripheral blood leukocytes. Methods Forty-two CA patients and 58 normal controls were enrolled in this study. CA relapse was diagnosed clinically. EB virus-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line(LCL)were used as TNF producing cells. The TNF producing capability of LCL was measured by bioassay using L929 (a TNF sensitive tumor cell line) as target cells. The LCL were stimulated with LPS to produce TNF. Results The average level of TNF production of LCL from all CA patients (including recurrent and non-recurrent CA patients) was similar to that of normal controls (30.14% ? 12.27 vs 34.06% ? 12.06,P = 0.1136). However, the level of TNF production of LCs from recurrent CA patients was significantly less than that from non-recurrent CA patients (24.75% ? 7.51 vs 36.62% ? 10.96,P = 0.00016). Compared with that of normal controls, recurrent CA patients showed a lower capability to produce TNF (24.75% ? 7.51 vs 34.06% ? 12.06,P = 0.00054), whereas non-recurrent CA patients showed a similar capability to normal controls (36.62% ? 10.96 vs 34.06% ? 12.06,P = 0.3517). Conclusions These results indicate that the cellular immune mechanism might play an important role in the clearance of the residual HPV from the host, in which TNF is involved.

Objective The micro-vascular element plays a key role in the delivery of nutrients and the regulation of hemodynamic behavior, however, research is often hindered by ethical , economic and technological issues .Therefore, construction of a micro-vascular network in vitro will help to study the related pathological and physiological behavior in microvessels.Methods In this study, a micro-vascular element model with features of a micro-vascular network in vivo was designed based on the network structure of retinal arterioles .A micro-vascular network model in vitro, characterized by network asymmetry and the presence of both bifurcation-and side-branches , was developed by soft lithography technology . The developed microdevice allowed for the quantification of the cell -depletion layer ( CDL) thickness and hematocrit ( Ht) distribution within the microchannel networks .Results and Conclusion The study showed the potential of the developed in vitro model in revealing key hemodynamic features which have been detected for microvascular elements in vivo, including the relationships between CDL thickness , Ht and red blood cell distribution .The present study provides a new strategy and a technology for studying hemodynamics and microvascular system diseases in vitro.

AIM To determine the effects of different dose of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the contents of bone calcium and hydroxyproline and the weight of immune organ thymus. METHOD CP at dose of 1 5, 4 5 and 12 5mg?kg -1 were given to the male rats orally everyday for 15 days respectively. At the endpoint the right femoral was dried constantly and weighed (w), the calcium content (Ca.C) was assayed by the method of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and the femoral hydroxyproline content (Hp.C) were assayed by Colorimetry. The leukocyte, thymus, liver and spleen were tested and weighed separately. RESULTS CP induced inhibiting effect on body weight, leukocyte and thymus in a dose dependent when compared with the vehicle control. Three doses of CP significantly decreased Ca.C and Ca.C/w of femoral ( P0 05). CONCLUSION CP stimulated bone calcium loss, induced shrinkage of thymus. The proper dose at 4 5mg?kg -1 of CP reduced both of Hp.C and Ca.C in bone leading to osteoporosis which is related to the decrease of bone mineral and bone matrix.

AIM: To observe the changes of different parts of bones in rats 90 days after ovariectomized (OVX). METHODS: Twenty 4.5 month old virgin female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: sham group and OVX group. Rats in sham group were sham operated, while rats in OVX group were bilaterally OVX. Rats in two groups were treated with 5 ml?kg -1 ?d -1 ethanol for 90 days. Parameters of the proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM), tibial shaft (Tx) and the fifth lumbar vertebral body (LVB) were analyzed by bone histomorphometry method. RESULTS: %Tb.Ar and Tb.N were decreased by 80.5 % and 76.1 %, Tb.Sp and Oc.N were increased by 468.0 % and 356.6 %, and MAR and BFR/BV were increased by 43.9 % and 95.9 %, respectively, in PTM. The changes in LVB were not remarkable as those in PTM. %Tb.Ar and Tb.Th were decreased by 35.0 % and 31.0 %, while Oc.N and BFR/BV were increased by 106.9 % and 126.8 %, respectively. The cortical bone and marrow areas of tibial shaft did not change in Tx, but bone formation parameters (%P LPm, %E LPm) were increased. CONCLUSION: After OVX for 90 days, high bone turnover osteopenia model is duplicated successfully in rats. Different parts of the bones have different reaction to ovariectomization in rats.

Objective To observe the long-term toxicity of Jiuxin Fumai Injection and to investigate the safety of clinical medication.Methods The rats were given intramuscular injection with Jiuxin Fumai Injection in large,medium,small dosage(respectively 20,10,5g? kg-1)every day for two weeks,and normal saline group served as the normal control.Two weeks after drug withdrawal,the toxic reaction in rats was observed.Results After two-week continuous administration,all the animals were alive.Some animals were vomiting and getting excited when administered the large dosage and medium dosage injection.The blood sugar elevated,the thoracic gland coefficient lowered,the hepatic cells were cloudily swollen in the animals of large dosage group.Two weeks after drug withdrawal,the above phenomenon vanished.There was no obvious toxic reaction in the small-dosage injection group.Conclusion Long-term administration of Jiuxin Fumai Injection in large dosage shows certain toxic reaction in rats.The safe dosage for intramuscular administration is less than 5 g? kg-1? d-1.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and attitude of smoking and its influencing factors among residents in Hongkou District of Shanghai, so as to provide evidence for tobacco control. Methods Nine hundred and sixty residents in Hongkou District of Shanghai aged 15 to 69 years were selected by multi-level random sampling, among whom 958 completed the investigations on smoking status. Results The smoking rate and standardized smoking rate were 20. 04% and 18. 73%, respectively. The smoking rate and standardized smoking rate of males were 41.05% and 30.07%, and those of females were 0. 80% and 1. 70% , respectively. The smoking rate of males was higher than that of females (RR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01 -0.03). The smoking rates of age groups of 25 years old and over were higher than those of 15 to 24 years old, and the smoking rate of subjects with or above junior college education was lower than that of subjects with or below middle school education (RR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25 -0.79). Subjects who drank alcohol smoked more than those did not (RR = 2. 68, 95% CI: 1. 76 - 4.09). Lower annual per capita income and higher knowledge on smoking hazard led to more tendance to object to smoking and agree with anti-smoking. Conclusion The prevalence of smoking of residents aged 15 to 69 years in Hongkou District of Shanghai was relatively lower. Age, gender, education status and alcohol drinking were influencing factors of smoking. Education on tobacco control among subjects aged more than 35 years should be strengthened, and more attention should be paid to those with lower education. Besides, education on alcohol control should be managed together with tobacco control.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of uterine artery embolization chemotherapy in the treatment of special site pregnancy .Methods 36 patients with special site pregnacy were randomly divided into the observation group and control group .The control group received uterine curettage after uterine artery embolization treatment,the observation group received bilateral uterine artery perfusion of methotrexate combined with uterine cu -rettage after embolization therapy .Time of-HCG returned to normal ,intraoperative blood loss ,hospitalization time and incidence rate of complications were compared between the two groups .Results After treatment,the time of -HCG returned to normal,intraoperative blood loss and hospitalization time in the observation group were (27.3 ±3.2)h, (120.5 ±18.3) mL,(85.6 ±8.4) h,which were significantly less than (76.4 ±8.2) h,(375.1 ±68.4) ml and (147.1 ±10.5)h in the control group (t=6.75,4.54,4.43,all P<0.05).The incidence rate of complication in the observation group was 16.8%,which was significantly lower than 50.1% in the control group (χ2 =4.49,P <0.05).Conclusion The uterine artery chemotherapy and embolization in the treatment of special parts of pregnancy can significantly shorten the hospitalization time and time of -HCG returned to normal ,reduce the intraoperative blood loss,the clinical effect is good ,it can be used as an effective method for the treatment of special site pregnancy .

OBJECTIVE To discuss the operative plan for nasal cavity abnormality and evaluate the effect of revision FESS. METHODS A retrospective study of 36 revision FESS performed during 2002.3-2005.5 (age from 17 to 55 years old) is presented. Patients were evaluated with endoscopic examination of the nasal cavities and computed tomography of the sinuses and nasal cavities. Information was also collected during the revision surgery. The plan was designed according to nasal cavity abnormality. RESULTS The reasons of revision FESS: Among 36 cases there are 24 ethmoid sinusitis, 16 cases with recurrence of polyps,13 middle meatal stenosis, 11 middle turbinate adhesion, 10 septal deviation, 5 frontal recess stenosis, 5 sphenoid sisusitis, 3 maxillary ostium obstruction,3 inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Follow up for 6 month～43 month after revision FESS, 22 cases were successful, 10 satisfied and 4 inefficacy. CONCLUSION The primary FESS failure was associated with nasal cavity structure diseases. Meticulous attention in these areas and correcting it during surgery may reduce recurrence and ensure operative effect after revision FESS.