Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are incretin-based drugs for type 2diabetes.In recent years,it has been proven in clinical practices that GLP-1 receptor agonists have protection effect beyond anti-hyperglycemic effects,such as improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).The cogent evaluation,understanding,and exploration of therapeutic effect and mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists in NAFLD are important.Besides,it would be of great significance to identify pathogenesis of diabetes,its correlation with NAFLD,and the development of new drugs.This article briefly reviews the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on NAFLD.

[Summary] The characteristic feature of glucose profiles is high postprandial plasma glucose in Chinese T2DM patients. IDF Guideline recommends that T2DM patients whose postprandial plasma glucose cannot beadequately controlled by oral antidiabetic drugs ,should combine premixed insulin for treatment. Containing 50% insulin formulation for rapid action and 50% that for intermediate action ,mid‐ratio premix insulin analogues show exceptional characteristic of pharmacokinetics ,are able to efficiently improve high postprandial plasma glucose ,and ,with the route of administration flexible and convenience , can enhance patient compliance. Mid‐ratio premix insulin analogues can be one of the optimal option for T2DM treatment.

Many clinical trails demonstrated that statin drugs is very effective in the management of atherosclerotic vascular disease,statin drugs can reduce the incidence of the major adverse outcomes of death,heart attack,and stroke.The benefit of statins was due to the lowering of low-density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol levels,but there is still much uncertainty in many patient subsets.Nowadays the question is what level of LDL-C is the best for the patients who have a high risk of cardiovascular disease,and how can we do about intensive statin therapy.More evidence is necessary to clarify if current treatment guidelines and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals are optimal for all patients within different risk category.

[Summary] When accompanied with pulmonary disease ,the lung functions of diabetic patients usually represent decreases of diffusing capacity ,ventilation function ,bronchomotor tone and respiratory muscles. The mechanisms of lung damage may include non‐enzymatic glycosylation of proteins ,oxidative stress ,IR ,local defensive ability change ,and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for lung function damage ,and lung function damage is an independently predictive factor of diabetes mellitus. The change of lung function in diabetic patients is associated with age ,duration ,blood glucose level and complications.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein in TNF family. TRAIL influences a variety of immunological functions including cellular activation, proliferation and death, upon interation with a corresponding super family of receptors. This article is about the new views on the biological functions of TRAIL.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum magnesium (Mg) levels and glucose metabolism disorders in the elderly.Methods The data of health examination of 126 elderly people were collected in our hospital.There were 50 patients with type 2 diabetes,35 patients with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and 41 people with normal glucose.The clinical data of the three groups were compared and analyzed.Results (1)There were no significant differences in age,body mass index (BMI) and blood lipid level among the three groups.The mean serum Mg level was lower in normal glucose group [(0.84±0.1) mmol/L] than in diabetic group [(0.75±0.11) mmol/L,P＜0.01] and IGR group [(0.78±0.12) mmol/L,P＜0.05].(2)The prevalence of hypomagnesemia was higher in diabetic group and IGR group than in normal glucose group (24%,28.6% vs.7.3%,P＜ 0.01 ).(3)The correlation study showed that the serum magnesium level was negatively associated with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c (r= - 0.343,- 0.271,P＜0.01 ),but not associated with age and BMI.Conclusions The low serum magnesium level is associated with glucose metabolism disorders in the elderly.

The diagnostic criteria of diabetes has been changed several times in the latest thirty years.The diagnostic criteria is based on plenty of epidemic studies,especially the relationship between the glucose level and the microvascular complications.However,there are many problems in the clinical practice of using the recent diagnostic criteria(1999 WHO criteria).Glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) has been recommended as a diagnostic criteria in the 69th ADA.

Diabetic Osteoporosis is a general metabolic bone disease having fracture tendency because of osteopenia in unit volume,microstructural changes of bone tissue,decreased bone strength and increased friability,which is one of important complications of diabetes mellitus in skeletal system.Studies on bone involvement in patients with diabetes mellitus have generated conflicting results,largely because of the pathogenetic complexity of the condition.There are many factors,including advantageous and disadvantageous factors,influence the probability of osteoporotic fractures in diabetics.Adequate glycemic control,and calcium and vitamin D intakes,and the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications are key elements in the elimination of osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus.Patients with osteoporosis and diabetes should be offered the same pharmacological treatments as non-diabetics.

Cushing's disease defined as hypercortisolism caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma.Transsphenoidal surgery is currently the primary therapeutic option for Cushing's disease.The surgery aim is to resect adenoma totally,correct high cortisol status,conserve pituitary function at same time.This review is just about the recent studies about diagnosis and replacement therapy during pri-operation period of Cushing's disease.