Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are incretin-based drugs for type 2diabetes.In recent years,it has been proven in clinical practices that GLP-1 receptor agonists have protection effect beyond anti-hyperglycemic effects,such as improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).The cogent evaluation,understanding,and exploration of therapeutic effect and mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists in NAFLD are important.Besides,it would be of great significance to identify pathogenesis of diabetes,its correlation with NAFLD,and the development of new drugs.This article briefly reviews the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on NAFLD.

[Summary] The characteristic feature of glucose profiles is high postprandial plasma glucose in Chinese T2DM patients. IDF Guideline recommends that T2DM patients whose postprandial plasma glucose cannot beadequately controlled by oral antidiabetic drugs ,should combine premixed insulin for treatment. Containing 50% insulin formulation for rapid action and 50% that for intermediate action ,mid‐ratio premix insulin analogues show exceptional characteristic of pharmacokinetics ,are able to efficiently improve high postprandial plasma glucose ,and ,with the route of administration flexible and convenience , can enhance patient compliance. Mid‐ratio premix insulin analogues can be one of the optimal option for T2DM treatment.

Many clinical trails demonstrated that statin drugs is very effective in the management of atherosclerotic vascular disease,statin drugs can reduce the incidence of the major adverse outcomes of death,heart attack,and stroke.The benefit of statins was due to the lowering of low-density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol levels,but there is still much uncertainty in many patient subsets.Nowadays the question is what level of LDL-C is the best for the patients who have a high risk of cardiovascular disease,and how can we do about intensive statin therapy.More evidence is necessary to clarify if current treatment guidelines and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals are optimal for all patients within different risk category.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum magnesium (Mg) levels and glucose metabolism disorders in the elderly.Methods The data of health examination of 126 elderly people were collected in our hospital.There were 50 patients with type 2 diabetes,35 patients with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and 41 people with normal glucose.The clinical data of the three groups were compared and analyzed.Results (1)There were no significant differences in age,body mass index (BMI) and blood lipid level among the three groups.The mean serum Mg level was lower in normal glucose group [(0.84±0.1) mmol/L] than in diabetic group [(0.75±0.11) mmol/L,P＜0.01] and IGR group [(0.78±0.12) mmol/L,P＜0.05].(2)The prevalence of hypomagnesemia was higher in diabetic group and IGR group than in normal glucose group (24%,28.6% vs.7.3%,P＜ 0.01 ).(3)The correlation study showed that the serum magnesium level was negatively associated with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c (r= - 0.343,- 0.271,P＜0.01 ),but not associated with age and BMI.Conclusions The low serum magnesium level is associated with glucose metabolism disorders in the elderly.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein in TNF family. TRAIL influences a variety of immunological functions including cellular activation, proliferation and death, upon interation with a corresponding super family of receptors. This article is about the new views on the biological functions of TRAIL.

Patients with diabetes are prone to combine postprandial hypotension, the reason may be related to diabetic autonomic nerve lesions, but the mechanism is not clear. However, literature published so far is limited on this issue. This paper will combine the past research results, discuss the correlation, and make a review of treatment, aimed at emphasizing its importance and proper management.

Objective To assess the effectiveness of the urinary potassium to serum potassium ratio and urinary potassium to(serum potassium)2 ratio in the screening for primary aldosteronism(PA)from the patients with hypertension.Methods We analyzed all the 55 patients with PA,50 patients with essential hypertension(EH)matched with age and body mass index(BMI).We compared the urinary potassium to serum potassium ratio(UPP)and urinary potassium to(serum potassium)2 ratio(UPPP)with the serum aldosterone-to-renin ratio(ARR)between PA and EH groups.Results(1)UPP,UPPP and ARR in PA group were higher than in EH group(P

[Summary] When accompanied with pulmonary disease ,the lung functions of diabetic patients usually represent decreases of diffusing capacity ,ventilation function ,bronchomotor tone and respiratory muscles. The mechanisms of lung damage may include non‐enzymatic glycosylation of proteins ,oxidative stress ,IR ,local defensive ability change ,and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for lung function damage ,and lung function damage is an independently predictive factor of diabetes mellitus. The change of lung function in diabetic patients is associated with age ,duration ,blood glucose level and complications.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer stem cels are relatively special cels in the body, which have the self-renewal and multi-differentiation ability to promote tumor formation and development, and maintain tumor growth for a long-term. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze the expression of resistance proteins of breast cancer stem cels.
OBJECTIVE:To isolate breast cancer stem cels from human breast cancer tissues, to observe their differentiation and morphology characteristics and to analyze their resistance proteins.
METHODS:Thirty tumor samples of breast invasive ductal carcinoma were selected to separate single cel suspension using mechanical separation method, and breast cancer stem cels and differentiated cels were sorted with two-step immunomagnetic bead method. Two-step immunocytochemistry method was used to detect the expression of resistance proteins in breast cancer stem cels.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Percentage of breast cancer stem cels had no significant correlations with age, long diameter of the tumor, lymph node metastasis and histological grading (P > 0.05). P-gp and GST-π positive rates in the breast cancer stem cels were significantly higher than those in the differentiated cels (P < 0.05); while TopoII and LRP positive rates in the breast cancer stem cels were significantly lower than those in the differentiated cels (P < 0.05). To conclude, breast cancer stem cels show stronger drug resistance than the differentiated cels by highly expressing P-gp and GST-π and lowly expressing TopoII and LRP, which may be the key reason for chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer.