Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent infection and it has become a paradigm for viral immune evasion due to its unique multitude of immune-modulatory strategies on host innate and adaptive immune response.Following primary infection,CMV can persist as a subclinical,recurrent infection for the lifetime of an individual because human immune system is unable to clarify.However,the immune evasion mechanism of CMV remains unclear.Recent data has revealed an astounding variety of methods in immune evasion to suppress host immune system,including inhibiting antigen presentation on infected cell surfaces to protect against T cell recognition and regulating the balance between natural killer cell inhibitory/activating receptor and ligand pairs to avoid NK cell attack.This review summarizes the latest literature regarding how CMV encodes a multitude of immune modulatory mechanisms devoted to escaping the host antiviral response,presents the future perspective of immunotherapy,and provides references for in-depth understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms leading to the control of CMV.

The rates of cesarean delivery are dramatically rising in many parts of the world due to the improved surgical techniques and broaden clinical indications,along with the inadequate recognition of potential disadvantages for neonates.This review is to investigate the short-term and long-term influence of elective cesarean section on neonatal outcomes,including neonatal respiratory morbidity,iatrogenic prematurity,postnatal development of the immune system and atopic disease.Althongh there is no evidence that cesarean section is an independent risk factor so far,present studies clearly demonstrate that it plays an important role concurrent with other factors in increasing neonatal morbidity and mortality.Consequently,efforts should be made to reduce high rate of elective cesarean sections through elaborate investigation of medical indications before the operation.

Objective] Summarize the pathogenesis of asthma and leukotriene receptor in latest research situation. [Methods]Check out the past five years CNKI, VIP data, PUBMED data to leukotrienes and asthma for keyword research literature, and classification, summary. [Results]Numerous clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that leukotrienes and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and progress in a multi-cell, multi-session, and interact with a variety of cytokines.[Conclusion]With concept of wholism as the characteristics of the Genomics technologies, more suitable as a primary means of application in the field of medical research has an overall concept for the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine research in the field of drugs to treat asthma leukotriene pathway and provide a new perspective.

The expression of nm23-H1 and p53 genes were studied with ABC immunohistochemical method in 54 cases of gastric cancer and 57 cases of colorectal cancer. The result showed that the expression of nm23-H1 was 72.2% in gastric cancer and 64.9% in colorectal cancer, respectively. No significant difference was found between the expression of this gene and lymph node metastasis of the cancers. The mutant p53 protein expression was 53.7% and 52.6% in gastric and colorectal cancers, respectively. Although it was not correlated with lymph node metastasis, its expression was significantly higher in cancers with distant metastases, suggesting that the mutant p53 protein expression may be indicative of poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancers.

AIM: To investigate the effect of different types of flavonoids, galangin (flavonol), hesperetin (flavonone) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA, chalcone), on cardiomyocytic injury induced by H2O2, and explore the possible signal pathways involved. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of different flavonoids was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry (FCM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 protein. RESULTS: It showed that each flavonoid did not have noticeable cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5 ?mol/L by MTT assay. Flavonoids at concentrations of 5, 15 and 30 ?mol/L significantly increased cell viability compared to model group induced by H2O2 (100 ?mol/L). Flavonoids also increased apoptosis rate and neorobiosis rate determined by FCM compared to model group. Galangin and hesperetin significantly decreased the apoptotic rate determined by TUNEL and the expression of Caspase-3 and increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax (P

Objective　To discuss the clinical value of 18　F-FDG PET imaging in postoperative and postradiotherapeutic intracranial glioma during follow up study. Methods　18F-FDG PET imaging in 16 cases of postoperative and postradiotherapeutic intracranial glioma was compared with CT and/or MRI. Results　Contrast CT or MRI showed prominent irregular circular or nodular enhancement in 14 of 16 cases (64%),can not distinguished from postopertative changes, radioinjury, tumor residue or recurrence.Among them, 9 cases showed tumor residue or recurrence based on significantly increased FDG uptake, 5 were confirmed by pathologic study. The other 5 cases of cerebral necrosis and 2 cases with postoperative cerebral malacia demonstrated FDG uptake defects. Conclusions　18F-FDG PET imaging has significant dominance in characterizing lesions for differentiating residue or recurrent disease from radioinjury in intracranial glioma. Combined with CT and MRI can provide both anatomical and functional informations.

Objective To investigate the effects of all -trans retinoic acid (ATRA),acitretin and tazarotene on apoptosis and active caspase-3 of human melanoma cells A375 and to discuss the relevant significance.Methods The effects of retinoids on apoptosis and active caspase-3 of A375 cells were examined in vitro.Early apoptosis analysis by double staining with annexin V-FITC and PI,and active caspase 3 analysis by the staining of FITC conjugated monoclonal rabbit anti active caspase-3 antibody were measured by flow cytometer.Results ATRA and acitretin induced apoptosis of A375 cells (both P＜0.05),but tazarotene was not effective (P＞0.05).ATRA and acitretin elevated the cell population with detectable active caspase-3 (both P＜0.05),but tazarotene was not effective either (P＞0.05).Acitretin played a most prominent role among the retinoids. Early apoptosis ratio was significantly and positively correlated with active caspase-3 percentage in both ATRA and acitretin (P＜0.05).Conclusions Acitretin and ATRA induce apoptosis of A375 cells in which caspase is critical.Retinoids are prospectively applied as an assisting alternative for treating melanoma.

Objective To study on purication of stilbene glycoside and icarrin with macroporous resin of radix polygoni multiflori praeparata cum succo glycines sotae and herba epimedii of Fufang Bushenshengjing Capsule. Methods To select the best type of resin from NKA-9, AB-8, D101, X-5 and DM130, to observe the factor of the concentration of water-extraction, the volume of resin, pH of water-extraction, the concentration and volume of ethanol. Results Using AB-8 resin, the concentration of water-extraction is 0.3 g/mL, the volume of resin (mL) to the mass of medicinal materials is 2, pH of water-extraction need't change, eluant is 70% ethanol and its volume (mL) is 5 times of the mass of medicinal materials (g). Conclusion This research can provide reference for the extraction of active component from Fufang Bushenshengjing capsule in industrial production.

Objective To investigate the process of best extraction for Bujing Yishen Granules.Methods The orthogonal test was employed for selecting the best extraction process,with the extraction rate of Icariin as criteria.The levels of water amount,extracting time and times were studied.Result The super extraction process was adding 10 times amount of water and 1.5 hours for the first time,then adding 8 times and 1.5 hours for the second time.Conclusion The method is stable,reasonable and feasible.

I-scan technology is the newly developed image enhanced endoscopy technology from PENTAX,Japan,which can visualize the capillary and the gap of glandular duct of gastrointestinal mucosa.i-scan images are as bright as conventional white-light images.Therefore,i-scan is able to observe much larger areas in a distant view compared with NBI.It has a broad application prospects.However,due to the lack of a unified diagnostic standard,the application of i-scan technology needs further study.This review summarizes the applications of high-resolution electron-staining endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.