Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent infection and it has become a paradigm for viral immune evasion due to its unique multitude of immune-modulatory strategies on host innate and adaptive immune response.Following primary infection,CMV can persist as a subclinical,recurrent infection for the lifetime of an individual because human immune system is unable to clarify.However,the immune evasion mechanism of CMV remains unclear.Recent data has revealed an astounding variety of methods in immune evasion to suppress host immune system,including inhibiting antigen presentation on infected cell surfaces to protect against T cell recognition and regulating the balance between natural killer cell inhibitory/activating receptor and ligand pairs to avoid NK cell attack.This review summarizes the latest literature regarding how CMV encodes a multitude of immune modulatory mechanisms devoted to escaping the host antiviral response,presents the future perspective of immunotherapy,and provides references for in-depth understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms leading to the control of CMV.

The rates of cesarean delivery are dramatically rising in many parts of the world due to the improved surgical techniques and broaden clinical indications,along with the inadequate recognition of potential disadvantages for neonates.This review is to investigate the short-term and long-term influence of elective cesarean section on neonatal outcomes,including neonatal respiratory morbidity,iatrogenic prematurity,postnatal development of the immune system and atopic disease.Althongh there is no evidence that cesarean section is an independent risk factor so far,present studies clearly demonstrate that it plays an important role concurrent with other factors in increasing neonatal morbidity and mortality.Consequently,efforts should be made to reduce high rate of elective cesarean sections through elaborate investigation of medical indications before the operation.

Objective] Summarize the pathogenesis of asthma and leukotriene receptor in latest research situation. [Methods]Check out the past five years CNKI, VIP data, PUBMED data to leukotrienes and asthma for keyword research literature, and classification, summary. [Results]Numerous clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that leukotrienes and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and progress in a multi-cell, multi-session, and interact with a variety of cytokines.[Conclusion]With concept of wholism as the characteristics of the Genomics technologies, more suitable as a primary means of application in the field of medical research has an overall concept for the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine research in the field of drugs to treat asthma leukotriene pathway and provide a new perspective.

Objective To investigate the clinical correlative factors of malignant cystic pancreatic tumors.Methods The clinical data of 45 patients who received cystic pancreatic tumor resection at the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from May 2000 to May 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were divided into benign tumors + precancerous lesions group (35 patients) and malignant tumor group (10 patients).The clinical symptoms and imaging features of cystic pancreatic tumors were analyzed.All data were analyzed by chisquare test or Logistic regression analysis.Results Abdominal pain,jaundice,emaciation,nausea and vomiting were observed in 23 patients (51％),and 22 (49％) patients had no clinical symptoms.The clinical features of benign pancreatic cyst included pancreatic calcification and pancreatic divisum,while the clinical features of malignant pancreatic cystic tumors were nodules,swelling of lymph nodes,dilation of biliary and pancreatic duct.The results of univariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years,presence of symptoms,jaundice,emaciation,dilation of pancreatic duct were the correlative factors of malignant cystic pancreatic tumors ( x2 =4.220,4.294,4.645,7.705,4.645,P ＜ 0.05 ).The results of multiple logistic regression analysis found that age ≥60 years,dilation of pancreatic duct and presence of clinical symptoms were the correlative factors of malignant cystic pancreatic tumors ( OR =1.573,2.674,2.723,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Age≥60 years,dilation of pancreatic duct and presence of clinical symptoms are the correlative factors of malignant cystic pancreatic tumors.

Objective To investigate expressions of STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3)in cutaneous malignant melanoma(CMM)lesions, and to explore their significance. Methods The expressions of STAT3 and p-STAT3 were detected with an immunohistochemical method using polymer enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies in skin specimens from 22 CMM lesions and 23 pigmented nevus lesions. The effects of STAT3 and p-STAT3 expressions on lymph node metastasis of CMM were evaluated. Results The expression rate of STAT3 was significantly higher in CMM lesions than in pigmented nevus lesions (95.5% vs. 56.5%, χ2 = 9.23, P < 0.05), so was that of p-STAT3 (90.9% vs. 43.5%, χ2 =11.38, P < 0.05). STAT3 expression in CMM lesions had no obvious effects on lymph node metastasis of CMM (P > 0.05), while the elevated expression of p-STAT3 in CMM lesions was a predictive factor for lymph node metastasis in CMM (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05 - 3.38, P < 0.05). Conclusion Increased expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 in CMM may play important roles in the pathogenesis of CMM, and elevated p-STAT3 expression may contribute to invasion and metastasis of CMM.

AIM: To investigate the effect of different types of flavonoids, galangin (flavonol), hesperetin (flavonone) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA, chalcone), on cardiomyocytic injury induced by H2O2, and explore the possible signal pathways involved. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of different flavonoids was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry (FCM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 protein. RESULTS: It showed that each flavonoid did not have noticeable cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5 ?mol/L by MTT assay. Flavonoids at concentrations of 5, 15 and 30 ?mol/L significantly increased cell viability compared to model group induced by H2O2 (100 ?mol/L). Flavonoids also increased apoptosis rate and neorobiosis rate determined by FCM compared to model group. Galangin and hesperetin significantly decreased the apoptotic rate determined by TUNEL and the expression of Caspase-3 and increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax (P

Objective To investigate the effects of all -trans retinoic acid (ATRA),acitretin and tazarotene on apoptosis and active caspase-3 of human melanoma cells A375 and to discuss the relevant significance.Methods The effects of retinoids on apoptosis and active caspase-3 of A375 cells were examined in vitro.Early apoptosis analysis by double staining with annexin V-FITC and PI,and active caspase 3 analysis by the staining of FITC conjugated monoclonal rabbit anti active caspase-3 antibody were measured by flow cytometer.Results ATRA and acitretin induced apoptosis of A375 cells (both P＜0.05),but tazarotene was not effective (P＞0.05).ATRA and acitretin elevated the cell population with detectable active caspase-3 (both P＜0.05),but tazarotene was not effective either (P＞0.05).Acitretin played a most prominent role among the retinoids. Early apoptosis ratio was significantly and positively correlated with active caspase-3 percentage in both ATRA and acitretin (P＜0.05).Conclusions Acitretin and ATRA induce apoptosis of A375 cells in which caspase is critical.Retinoids are prospectively applied as an assisting alternative for treating melanoma.

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Objective To investigate the process of best extraction for Bujing Yishen Granules.Methods The orthogonal test was employed for selecting the best extraction process,with the extraction rate of Icariin as criteria.The levels of water amount,extracting time and times were studied.Result The super extraction process was adding 10 times amount of water and 1.5 hours for the first time,then adding 8 times and 1.5 hours for the second time.Conclusion The method is stable,reasonable and feasible.