OBJECTIVE To probe into the managing countermeasures according to the existing problems of disinfection and sterilization(DS).METHODS The data come from National investigation of nosocomial infection(NI) organized by Department of Medical Administration,Ministry of Public Health at 18 hospitals in 6 Provinces and from survey of NI at hospitals in Beijing.RESULTS There are general problems of DS in hospitals.Such as the managers of hospital don′t pay attention to DS,the users are short of knowledge and their thoughts are outdated,selection of methods is not suitable,applying of disinfectant isn′t reasonable,articles of DS are polluted again and surveillance of DS is not standard, etc.CONCLUSIONS The work of DS is still poor and must be strengthened for preventing and controlling NI.

The surveillance of nocomial infections is reviewed.The success and failure of the sur- veys that have been carried out in our country up to the present are summed up.Many effective im- orovement measures to solve existing problems and relevant control policies are out forward.

Observations are made on 1208 postoperative cases and logistic analyses are centered on the risks related to postoperative hospital infections.It is discovered through observations that the rate of hospital infections is 7.5%.The infected parts are mainly the lower respiratory tract and the inci- sion.Logistic analyses of the risks indicate that postoperative hospital infections are related to preopera- tive hospitalization duration,the time span of endotracheal intubation,trachealaryngotomy and the re- tention of pleural drainage,type of operation,operational duration,and postoperative complication. Thesefore,hospitals should look seriously at the postoperative infection risks and take important steps to control them.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of electrophysiological examination for tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS).Methods Motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV),sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV),F wave and electromyographic measurements were carried out with 26 clinically suspected TTS patients.Results Of the 26,22 patients were unilaterally affected and 4 were bilaterally affected,so 30 tarsal tunnels in total were affected.All received electrophysiological examination.Of the 30 affected tarsal tunnels,abnormal MCV was detected in 28 of the posterior tibial nerves (93.3％),while abnormal SCV was detected in 27 medial plantar nerves (90％) and 24 lateral plantar nerves (80％).Needle electromyography of 156 targeted foot muscles detected abnormal spontaneous potentials in 90 of them (57.7％),giant potential in 12 muscles (7.7％) and decreased recruitment in 76 (48.7％).Conclusions The distal posterior tibial nerve is impaired in TTS,presenting axonal damage in an electrophysiological examination.Such examinations should have an important role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of TTS.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristic of pulmonary infection especially for the Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) after kidney transplantation and discuss the effective control measures to reduce the infection rate.METHODS The prospective investigation was conducted among in the kidney transplant patients with pneumonia between Jan and Feb in 2004.and the retrospective investigation was conducted among the cases with kidney transplant from Jan 2003 to Dec 2004 and the characteristic of PCP with other kinds of pneumonia was compared.RESULTS Ninety two cases with kidney transplant from Jan 2003 to Dec 2004 were investigated,of which 19 patients(20.7%) had pneumonia,8 PCPs(42.1%) occurred.The median of PCP appearing time was 61days after the operation.CONCLUSIONS The pneumonia is the most familiar infection after the kidney transplantation.Prevention from the pneumonia after the kidney transplantation,especially PCP is the keystone to reduce the infection for the kidney transplantation.

Objective To explore the cost of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)management in a tertiary first-class hospital,provide data support for cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of HAI management,and provide scientific evidence for the rational allocation of hospital resources.Methods Micro-costing study was used to calcu-late the direct cost of the department of HAI management by collecting the quantity and unit price of each item. Results The total cost of HAI management in this hospital in 2013 were about ￥870 000,including human cost￥790 000,depreciated fixed assets ￥34 501 ,low-value consumption goods ￥3 800,publicity and training￥33 600,office consumables ￥5 208;average cost were ￥12.16 per person and ￥529.69 per bed.Conclusion Human cost is the main cost in HAI management in this hospital.

BACKGROUND: Total flavone of ginkgo biloba(TFG) can affect on free radical, but the effect on apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia is unclear.OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effect of TFG on apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled experimental study based on experimental animals.SETTING: Department of pharmacology in a university.MATERIALS: Totally 24 SD rats in half genders with clean grade and body mass of(250 ± 50) g, were divided into 4 groups at random: sham-operation group, model group, TFG 40 rmg/kg group and TFG 80 mg/kg group (Certificate No. 01).METHODS: This study was completed in the Department of Pharmacology,Anhui Medical University during October 2001 and January 2002. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was made by ligating bilateral common carotid arteries(CCA) in rats. The cerebral injury was evaluated by brain edema. The apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transforase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling(TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method. The DNA fragmentation analysis was measured with the diphenylamine reagent method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Major factor: Effect of TFG on ultrastructral alteration of apoptotic cerebral cortex cells; Secondary factor: Effect of TFG on DNA fragmentation induced by cerebral ischemia.RESULTS: Ligating of bilateral CCA markedly induced apoptotic cell in cerebral cortex. TFG 80 mg/kg significantly inhibited brain edema( P ＜ 0.05 )and decreased the numbers of apoptotic cells in cortex( P ＜ 0.01 ) and improved ultrastructral alteration of apoptotic cells; TFG 40, 80 rmg/kg also inhibited the increase of DNA fragmentation induced by cerebral ischemia (P ＜0.05, P ＜0.01).CONCLUSION: TFG has inhibitory effect on ischemia-induced apoptosis of cerebral cortex and improve the ultrastructual changes of apoptosis. Moreover,TFG can relieve the occurrence of edema of ischemic brain tissue and inhibit the increase of DNA section induced by cerebral ischemia.

Aim To study protective effects of Total of flacone C(TFC) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Four-vessel occlusion method was used to make acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. Rats were initiated by ischemia for 30 min followed by 40 min of reperfusion.The electroencephalography(EEG) during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was recorded.The level of intracellular calcium ion concentration([Ca~(2+)]i) in cerebral cells after ischemia was measured by using a Ca~(2+) indicator Fura-2/AM.Superoxide dismutase(SOD),Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),nitric oxide Synthase(NOS) activeties and Malondialdehyde(MDA),Nitric Oxide(NO)contents in the ischemia cerebral cortex were measured.Results TFC can improved the EEG change,significantly attenuated the decrease of the intracellular calcium ion concentration([Ca~(2+)]_i), remarkly increased GSH-Px,SOD and NOS activities in the cerebrum,inhibit the decrease of LDH activity and NO,MDA contents.Conclusion TFC has protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,the mechanism may be related to attenuating free radical,[Ca~(2+)]i overload and NO.

AIM: To investigate the protective effects of total of flavone C (TFC) on acute cerebral ischemia in mice and focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS: The occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries with vagus nerves in mice was used for make the acute cerebral ischemia models. The survival time and the death rate were observed. The permanent occlusion of the proximal of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was used for make the focal cerebral ischemia models. The extent of neurological deficits was observed, and the infarct area was measured by NBT staining technique. The activity of LDH and the content of MDA and NO in the ischemic cerebral cortex were determined. RESULTS: TFC of 80 and 40 mg?kg -1 prolonged the survival time and decreased the death rate of mice with acute cerebral ischemia injury. TFC of 60, 30, and 15 mg?kg -1 ameliorated neurologic deficits score and the infarct size of rats with MCAO. CONCLUSION: TFC provides significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury.

Objective:To prepare capsaicin liposomes and study the feasibility by in vitro percutaneous penetration test. Meth-ods:Capsaicin liposomes were prepared by a film-ultrasonic method. The best formula was screened by orthogonal test based on single factor studies with the entrapment efficiency as the index. The improved Franz diffusion cells were used to study the transdermal pene-tration of capsaicin suspensions, capsaicin liposomes and capsaicin ointments, and the cumulative penetration amount through the isola-ted rat skin was compared. Results:The optimal formula of capsaicin liposomes were as follows:the ratio of capsaicin to lipids was 1∶5;the amount of Tween-80 was 100 mg;the amount of vitamin E was 50 mg;10 ml dichloromethane was used as the solvent. The op-timal pH value of the external phase was 6. 5 with the volume of 10 ml. The ultrasonic time was 8 min. The order of 12-hour cumulative penetration amount was capsaicin liposomes>capsaicin-PBS suspensions>capsaicin ointments. Capsaicin liposomes had the highest 12-hour cumulative penetration amount and showed obvious sustained-release property. Conclusion:Capsaicin liposomes have high en-trapment efficiency, good percutaneous penetration and sustained-release property, and the preparation technology is simple.