This article reviewed the researches proceeding on the contamination and detection of the foodborne pathogen noroviruses (NoVs) in fresh produce, which involved the NoVs contaminations in fresh produce, the special attachment of NoVs in fresh produce, the NoVs outbreaks associated with fresh produce and the NoVs detection in fresh produce. There had been an increase in reported infectious disease risks associated with the consumptions of fresh produce for recent 30 years. Because the NoVs, as a primary cause of viral gastroenteritis thoughout the world, were highly contagious, had a low infectious dose, and were persistent in the environment. And also the methods for NoVs detection in food had significantly developed over the last 15 years. Currently NoVs were the most common pathogen accounting for 40% of outbreaks associated with fresh produce (i. e., fruits and vegetables). Data from outbreaks investigations verified fresh produce as the high risk food products for NoVs. The fresh produce were typically eaten raw with no thermal processing, can be contaminated at any step during production and processing from faecally polluted water and fertilizers, the poor hygiene practices by food handlers and the cross-contamination. The attachment of NoVs to the fresh produce was due to the physio-chemical factors of virus protein coat, the special attachment to different fresh produce, and the possibility for internalization of NoVs. It might provide answers to why those high risk foods were more frequently implicated (i. e., lettuce and raspberries). According to the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce from EU countries and the USA, the outbreaks in EU countries were mainly associated with NoVs contaminated raspberries and lettuce, while in USA which were associated with NoVs contaminated lettuce. Unfortunately, there were no NoVs detection methods for fresh produce or the data of foodborne NoVs outbreaks which were associated with fresh produce in China. That made it difficult to analyze the NoVs contamination situation in China. The heterogeneous distributions of presumably low levels of virus, which presented in contaminated fresh produce, also made it difficult to detect NoVs. To solve this problem, different sampling methods, viral elution methods and RT-qPCR methods were chosen. For example, according to the isoelectric point of NoVs particles, high pH and high ionic strength solution could be used as means for releasing NoVs. For the elution from acidic fruit, the buffer capacity and the virus recovery could be increased by the addition of tris-HCl. When analyzing pectin containing raspberries or strawberries, the viral elution usually incubated with pectinase at neutral pH to avoid from foaming jelly. In this paper, the latest ISO standard for NoV detection in food and the new approaches for NoV detection were also reviewed to provide references for domestic researches. It was necessary to establish and develop domestic methods for NoV detection in fresh produce, especially the different NoV conventional molecular detection methods with corresponding NoV extraction methods, which targeted to the different adsorption characteristics of different fruits and vegetables, in order to strengthen the national food safety monitoring.
Food Analysis ; methods ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Foodborne Diseases ; virology ; Fruit ; virology ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Vegetables ; virology

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and massotherapy for cerebral palsy-salivation. Method Forty-eight patients with infantile cerebral palsy were randomly allocated to two groups. The control group of 24 patients received acupoint application of Chinese herbal medicine and did the tongue exercises. The observation group of 24 patients received acupuncture and massotherapy in addition. Result Of the control group, five patients were assessed as grade Ⅰ, four patients as grade Ⅱ, 10 patients as grade Ⅲ, two patients as grade Ⅳ and three patients as grade Ⅴ in the TDS grading after treatment. Of the observation group, 10 patients were assessed as grade Ⅰ, seven patients as grade Ⅱ, four patients as grade Ⅲ, two patients as gradeⅣ and one patients as grade Ⅴ in the TDS grading after treatment. The TDS grading assessment was better in the observation group of patients than in the control group. After treatment, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and vessel pulsation index were (135.64±13.72)cm/s and (1.05±0.17), respectively, in the control group and (144.78±16.45)cm/s and (0.90±0.18), respectively, in the observation group. There was no statistically significant difference in speech training between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of independent eating patients was significantly larger in the observation group than in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Fine action, adaptive behavior and personal social behavior development levels were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Both groups of patients could tolerate the therapeutic dosage and course and had no severe adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in safety grade between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture and massotherapy is safe and of a fair effect in treating cerebral palsy-salivation. It can increase cerebral blood flow, promote the contraction of local muscles, control salivation and improve the quality of life in cerebral palsy patients.

Objective To establish a method to evoke cerebral potentials by stimulating nociceptive fibers with contact heat evoked potential stimulator,evaluate the state of nociceptive system in patients with multiple sclerosis and assess the value of the potentials in multiple sclerosis(MS).Methods Thirty-six definite MS patients and 40 sex-,height-and aged-matched healthy persons underwent stimulation of contact heat delivered via a circular thermode to excite selectively nociceptors with a rapid rising time at 70℃/s to elicit pain and contact heat evoked potentiaI(CHEP).Thermal stimuli were sent at two intensity levels (47 ℃ and 51℃)to 3 body sites:volar surface of the forearm,the skin of leg 5 cm proximal to the medial malleolus and lumbar part.The CHEP were recorded from Cz.The relationship between the stimulus intensity and pain rating was observed,and the main components of the evoked potential were recorded.Then,somatosensory evoked potential(SEP)was examined in 36 patients with MS.Results CHEP were elicited reliably and stably in all control subjects.In contrast,in 4 patients there were no recordable CHEP on stimulation of the upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(n=5).Conduction velocity of Aδ fihers was(18.1±7.3)m/s.The 21 MS cases had hypesthesia in upper limb and 29 cases in lower limb.The visual analog scale(VAS)for pain perception was higher in control subjects(upper limb:8.0±0.7;lower limb:7.9±0.7)than MS with hypesthesia(upper limb:6.1±0.9;lower limb:5.6±1.3,Z=-3.249 and -5.272,both P＜0.01).The group of patients (MS) with hypesthesia(upper limb 17 cases,lower limb 24 cases)had markedly reduced N-P amplitudes(upper limb:(30.5±12.8)μV;lower limb:(28.2±16.2)μV,t=-4.612 and -3.144,both P＜0.01)and prolonged N-wave latencies(upper limb:(387.3±34.2)ms;lower limb:(489.9±70.2)ms,t=4.790 and 4.798,both P＜0.01)compared with the control group in CHEP mediated by Aδ fibers.CHEP abnormality was observed more often in the lower(26/36,72.2%)than the upper limb(16/36,44.4%,P=0.031)and SEP(19/36,52.8%,χ~2=4.261,P=0.039).CHEP were abnormal in 3 of 15 skin areas with clinically normal nociception in upper limb,and in some cases of lower limb(2 of 7).Conclusions CHEP provides a clinically practical,non-invasive and objective measure,and can be a useful additional tool for the assessment of nocieptive system.Combined assessment of other Eps can help to document dissemination of demyelinating CNS lesions and detect subclinical lesions thus contribute to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

0.70,and the Cronbach's ? value for satisfaction of management domain was 0.44.The ICC of the SRS-22 questionnaire,0.94,0.86,0.77,0.74,0.84,showed a satisfactory reproducibility.Five public factors were obtained by factor analysis compared with the five domains of SRS-22 questionnaire.For the concurrent validity,5 domains had excellent correlation,9 had good correlation,and 26 had correlation.CONCLUSION:The adapted simplified Chinese version of the SRS-22 questionnaire has satisfactory reliability and concurrent validity,and might be suitable for post-operative clinical evaluation of Chinese adolescent scoliosis patients.

Bases on the changing idea and management policy,the out-patient service process rebuilding focuses on the patient,makes use of the information technology,imports the theory of operation process reforming,reconsiders and redesigns the operation process of the out-patient department,and improves the medical quality and service.The digitizing procedure in out-patient service is the important base of process rebuilding.In the paper,we try to discuss how to improve the digitizing procedure in out-patient service and rebuild the service process.

Objective To construct a vector carrying tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in order to establish a new gene therapy method in Parkinson's disease. Methods Human TH gene fragment from the plasmid pWAV2-TH was cloned into pIRES to construct pIRES-TH. The mouse GDNF gene, amplified by PCR was inserted into pIRES-TH to construct pIRES-TH-GDNF. Restriction analysis and nucleotide sequencing were used to confirm the structure of pIRES-TH-GDNF. Then MES23.5 cells were transfected with this eukaryon vector using Lipofectamine TM2000. The expression of TH and GDNF in mRNA and protein levels were detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence after G418 selection. Results The 2 objective fragments were inserted into pIRES correctly. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence results showed that TH and GDNF were highly expressed in MES23.5 cells. Conclusion The plasmid pIRES-TH-GDNF is constructed successfully and can express TH and GDNF in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the functional alternations of canine renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by using MR perfusion-weighted imaging, and to correlate the imaging with the pathologic findings. Methods Using 1. 5 T MR system, four groups of three anesthetized dogs each were studied by left renal artery ligation for 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-min, respectively, after the removal of ligation, reperfusion injury was suffered for one hour. True-FISP, TSE, and EPI sequences were performed in five different time phases ( pre-ischemia, onset-ischemia, post-ischemia, onset-reperfusion, and post-reperfusion). Finally, IR-turbo-FLASH sequence (TR 5. 8 ms, TE 3. 2 ms, TI 400 ms, FA 12?) with a temporal resolution of 1. 16 s was performed. Signal intensity (SI) in cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla was measured. SI was plotted as a function of time. Peak height (P) , time to peak (Tp) , and the area (A) under the time-course curves after the intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA were estimated. Blood and urine examples were collected for measuring serum creatinine level and urinary protein before and after the insult. Histologic examination was performed with light and electron microscopy in all dogs. Results After arterial ligation,there was marked and significant reduction in the SI of each layer of left kidney on true-FISP, TSE, and EPI, except for the SI of inner medulla on TSE. After the removal of ligation,there were no significant differences in the SI of cortex of both kidneys, however, significant differences in the SI of outer and inner medulla of both kidneys remained on EPI in all groups. The turbo-FLASH study clearly depicted the three-phase pattern of SI changes in each layer on right kidney. The uniphasic enhancement pattern in all groups was showed in outer and inner medulla on left kidney, with the area under the curve decreased. Conclusion This preliminary study shows that MR perfusion-weighted imaging may be useful and very promising for the evaluation of renal dysfunction following normothermic ischemia and reperfusion injury.

The ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for determination of vitamin A in breast milk was simplified. The milk sample was extracted directly with ammonia water, ethyl alcohol and ether, the saponification procedure be- ing omitted. The optimal height of the aluminum oxide adsorption column and the optimal rate of flow for elution were developed. The observation was made whether the elution for vitamen A was complete by identifying the fluorescence of vitamin A directly under ultraviolet light in the eluat-es collected instead of SbCl3-Vitamin A blue color reaction. The simultaneous estimation of Vitamin A in breast milk and in the standard solution of Vitamin A with this method showed E300nm/E325nm less than 73%, agreeable with the British Pharmacopoeia. The recovery was 100.8%. This procedure has advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity, time saving and economy.

Objective Observe the clinical effect of the controllable airbag elastic chest strap after the breast cancer operation,studying the clinical value of the controllable airbag elastic chest strap.Methods Between May.2009 and Oct.2012,71 women having surgery for breast cancer at The Affiliated Second Hospital of Nan Hua University Oncology Center.They were to receive either a common thoracic girdle compressed binding(n =35),or the controllable airbag elastic chest strap compressed binding (n =36) at the postoperation.The following complications were evaluated:the incidence of seroma formation and duration,the incidence of skin flap swelling,and the dressing time.Results Thirty-five patients with common thoracic girdle is 14 cases of subcutaneous effusion,fluid rate was 40.0％,the effusion duration 7 to 31 days,an average of 17.6 ±7.3 days,15 cases with skin redness (disc),swelling rate is 42.9％,the average treatment time 18.7 ±3.5 minutes; With the controllable airbag elastic chest strap group of six cases of subcutaneous effusion,fluid rate was 16.7％,the duration of effusion 5-14days,an average of 10.5 ± 3.9 days,skin redness (disc),swelling rate is 13.9％,the average treatment time 12.2 ± 2.4 minutes.Conclusions The controllable airbag elastic chest strap can reduce subcutaneous effusion,reduce skin flapswelling,saving the treatment time,is worth promoting in the clinical medical supplies.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate effect of calcium dobesilate on renal oxidative stress in type2diabetic rats.METHODS:30rats were divided into3groups of normal rats,diabetic rats,diabetic rats treated with calcium dobesi?late.Content of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in the renal tissue were compared among the groups.In addition,blood glucose,serum creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were measured;the renal tissue were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.RESU_ LTS:Compared with untreated group,the level of BUN,Cr,renal MDA in calcium dobesilate treated group were significantly decreased,but the activity of renal SOD,GSH-PX were increased notably.In addition,the renal pathologic changes in calcium dobesilate treated group was also improved.CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress takes key point in the development of diabetic nephropathy,and antioxidation may be the possible mechanism of the neohroprotective action of calcium dobesilate.