The present study was undertaken to identify some afferent connections of the ventral and dorsal parts of pontine tegmentum in guinea pigs by using horseradish peroxidase retrograde microelectrophoretic technique.After introducing HRP into the ventral part of pontine tegmentum, numerous labeled cells were observed in the mesencephalic central gray and related reticular formation, which is equivalent to the MSR (Mesencephalic Stepping Region) ventral to the surface of the superior colliculus. Labeled cells could also be identified at the following sites: nucleus cuneiformis ventral to the surface of inferior colliculus, nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus medialis vestibulares, nucleus lateralis vestibulares, nucleus loci coerulei and its ventral part, gray matter of the cervical enlargement of spinal cord.Following injection of HRP into the dorsal part of pontine tegmentum, substantial amount of labeled cells were observed in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis Labeled cells gould also be identi- fied in the nucleus medialis vestibulares, nucleus lateralis vestibulares and nucleus cuneatus. Only a few HRP cells appeared around the nucleus tuber in the midbrain and no labeled cells have been seen in the nucleus loci coerulei, as well as the gray matter of cervical spinal cord.

Objective:To evaluate the application status and change trends of insulin and its analogs in Nanjing area during 2011 to 2013. Methods:The varieties, sales amount and DDDs of insulin and its analogs in 43 hospitals of Nanjing during 2011 to 2013 were analyzed. Results:The use of insulin and its analogs was increased year by year from 2011 to 2013 with the average annual growth rate of 16%. Glargine, pre-mixed insulin 30R, aspart 30, human insulin and aspart ranked the top five in the sum of money with the proportion above 80%. Pre-mixed insulin 30R, aspart 30, glargine, human insulin and common insulin ranked the top 5 in DDDs. Conclusion:The application of insulin and its analogs is wide in clinics, and the usage and sum of money both show rapid growth trend.

The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)in promoting inflammatory response and immune escape of tumor cells and the mechanism by which MDSCs promote the development and progression of tumors are reviewed.This could provide a new way for the investigation of immunological mechanism of liver fibrosis and liver cancer.Besides,MDSCs may be an effective therapeutic target for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Terapeutic options used to repair tendon and ligament injury consist of autografis,allografts and synthetic prostheses.Tendon and ligament of tissue engineering have their unique advantages as alternative therapy.Choosing the proper scaffold materials is important for successfully constructing tissue engineering tendon and ligament,so in this review we focus on natural and artificial scaffold materials used in tissue engineering of tendon and ligament in recent years.

Objective To explore the clinical value of testing LDH and IL-2 in the serum of the patients with the acute leukemia. Methods The LDH and IL-2 in the serum of 15 patients with the acute leukemia were tested,who consist of the patients with first treatment,recurrence and remission,compared with these of the normal people in control group.Results The LDH of the patients with first treatment and recurrence was obvious higher than tllat of the patients with remission;the IL-2 of the patients with first treatment and recurrence was obvious lower than that of the patients with remission.The LDH descent and IL-2 ascent were found in the patients with remission.Conclusion The cell load of the patients with the acute leukemia can depress the expression of IL-2 in the patients with the acute leukemia.

Objective To explore the clinical value of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in the perioperative period of biliary surgery.Methods The prospective study was adopted.The clinical data of 800 patients diagnosed as benign biliary tract diseases who were admitted to the Cangzhou's Central Hospital from March 2011 to January 2015 were collected.Patients were randomly divided into the case and control groups by random sequence method.The patients of case group received the ERAS management and patients of the control group received traditional perioperative management.(1) Stress state evaluation:the insulin resistance (IR) index and level of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were calculated.(2) Levels of inflammatory cytokines:levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the 2 groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).(3)Nutritional status:level of serum prealbumin (PA) was detected.(4) Postoperative status:time to anal exsufflation,time of defecation,duration of hospital stay and treatment expenses were recorded.(5) Postoperative complications were observed.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as x ± s and comparison between groups was analyzed using t test.Repeated measurement data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA.Count data were represented as ratio and analyzed using the chi-square test.Results The 800 patients were screened for eligibility,including 400 in each group.(1) Stress state evaluation:the levels of IR and CRP from pre-operation to 7 days after operation were from 3.8 ± 0.8 to 3.7 ± 0.7 and from (18 ± 5) μg/L to (27 ±8) μg/L in the case group,from 3.9 ±0.9 to 3.8 ±1.0 and from (18 ±5) μg/L to (38 ±9) μg/L in the control group,respectively,with statistically significant differences in the changing trends (F =12.38,17.85,P ＜0.05).(2) Comparisons of levels of inflammatory cytokines:levels of IL-6 and TNF-α from pre-operation to 7 days after operation were from (9.3 ± 3.1) ng/L to (12.5 ± 2.8) ng/L and from (10.2 ± 3.5) ng/L to (12.8 ±3.3)ng/L in the case group,from (8.9 ±3.3)ng/L to (17.3 ±6.5)ng/L and from (9.9 ±2.8) ng/L to (14.3 ±4.2)ng/L in the control group,with statistically significant differences in the changing trends (F =19.93,15.74,P ＜ 0.05).(3) Comparison of nutritional status:level of PA from pre-operation to 7 days after operation was from (335 ± 53)mg/L to (332 ±50)mg/L in the case group and from (330 ± 49)mg/L to (331 ± 45)mg/L in the control group,with a statistically significant difference in the changing trends (F =4.46,P ＜ 0.05).(4)Comparisons of postoperative status:time to anal exsufflation,time of defecation,duration of hospital stay and treatment expenses were (30 ± 10)hours,(51 ± 13) hours,(7.7 ± 2.5) days,(10.2 ±2.3) × 103 yuan in the case group and (54 ± 8) hours,(70 ± 16) hours,(15.4 ± 3.1) days,(15.6 ± 4.7) × 103 yuan in the control group,with statistically significant differences (t =37.73,18.62,38.67,20.64,P ＜0.05).(5) Comparisons of postoperative complications:incidence of complications was 15.00％ (60/400)in the case group and 22.50％(90/400) in the control group,and the numbers of patients with incision infection,nausea and vomiting,abdominal infection,intra-abdominal infection,urinary tract infection,intro-abdominal hemorrhage and bile leakage were 23,15,8,5,4,3,2 in the case group and 30,20,13,10,7,5,5 in the control group,respectively,showing statistically significant differences in the incidence of complications (x2=7.39,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion ERAS management in the perioperative period of biliary surgery is beneficial to postoperative recovery of patients,and it can also relieve postoperative stress state and inflammatory response,reduce the duration of hospital stay,treatment expenses and incidence of postoperative complications.

Hypopharyngeal cancer is considered to be one of the head and neck tumor with poor progno -sis.The clinical curative effect of different treatments for hypopharyngeal cancer is also different .Surgery and ra-diotherapy of comprehensive treatment are the main treatments of hypopharyngeal cancer .Chemotherapy and bio-logical therapy also plays an important role on hypopharyngeal cancer .In this paper,we summarize the clinical curative effect of different treatments for hypopharyngeal cancer .

P2 X7 receptor is a member of ATP-gated non-selective cation channels;and is one subtype family of the P2X purinergic receptor.Signaling pathways of P2X7 receptor couple with several key inflammatory molecules including IL-1β;IL-6 and COX-2;which suggests that P2 X7 receptor plays a key role in the development of dis-eases via increased inflammation;indicating its potential as a novel therapeutic target.Recent studies show that P2 X7 receptor has a relationship with renal diseases.This article reviews the effect of P2 X7 receptor on renal diseases and its mechanism.P2 X7 receptor may be a new drug target;and its selectivity antagonist may be a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal diseases.