The second part of (2008 edition)includes iodine deficiency disease,thyroditis and thyroid nodule.This guideline reaffirms the epidemic characteristics,the prevention and the management of iodine deficiency disease.It identifies the measurement of iodine nutritional status and the necessity of iodinized salt.It emphasizes the regular diagnosis and treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis,and also mentions the advancement on differential diagnosis and rational therapy of thyroid nodules.In addition,it gives some advices on the management of thyroid nodules in two special groups(pregnant women and children).

Severe aplastic anaemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow.Immunosuppressive therapy(IST)consisting of antithymocyte or antilymphocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine has been recommended for children lacking HLA-matched sibling donor.For children unresponsive to initial immunosuppressive therapy or those who relapsed after first immunosuppressive therapy,they can choose repeat course of immunosuppressive therapy,allogeneic hernatopoietic stem cell transplantation,new drugs or clinical trials.And the prognosis has been greatly improved in recent years,dueing to the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the application of new drugs such as eltrombopag.This article reviews researches advance in different therapies for children with relapsed or refractory severe aplastic anaemia,aimed at guaiding treatment methods.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an organ specific autoimmune disorder affecting the life quality of patients.Glucocorticoids have been applied for many years in the treatment of TAO,though the side effects are the major concern.Recently,intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy is a novel and effective method for TAO treatment.Nevertheless this new strategy needs to be modified,and attention should be paid to the indications and contraindications in order to prevent liver damage when high dose methylprednisolone is applied.

Objective To introduce the surgical technique and results of total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods　Reviews.Results　As a result of TME, local recurrence rates have declined from 20%-30% to 3%-8%, 5-year survival rate have risen to 75%, and the rates of sphincter preservation have risen too.Conclusion　Total mesorectal excision reduces the local recurrence rates and raise the survival figures after excision of rectal cancer. Patients have a high quality of life.

Taking the characteristics of Indian students into account,teaching quality can be improved by these means:thorough preparation before class,various application for teaching,mutual and interactive communication and inspiration.

Control of body weight is a hot topic.It is considered as the cornerstone for the management of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes based on the effect of improving blood glucose,lipid profile,blood pressure,and insulin sensitivity.The strategies for weight loss include diet restriction,exercise,medicine,and bariatric surgery.In the present article the relationship between caloric restriction and weight loss was reviewed,focusing on the hot topics as to what extent weight loss could be achieved,the maintenance of ideal body weight,the risk factor of weight regain,and weight loss in particulas populations like obese children,adolescents,and older adults.

Objective To compare the clearing effect between combination use of mosapride and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene glycol only for colonoscopy preparation of patients with constipation caused by functional diseases.Methods A total of 212 adult patients who underwent colonoscopy examination were recruited to this randomized single blinded controlled study.Patients in control group received 3 liters of PEG only,whereas patients of experimental group received 10mg mosapride 30min before 3liter PEG.The patients were surveyed for the tendency of constipation.Experimental variables including time of first defecation and completion of bowel cleansing,defecation frequency,and degree of discomfort during colonoscopy preparation were recorded.Results The times of first defecation and completion of bowel cleansing of experimental group were shorter than those of control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ),but there were no significant differences in defecation frequency,the degree of discomfort and the bowel cleansing quality between 2 groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The percentages of patients with constipation in control and experimental groups were 26.61％ and 26.67％,respectively.The defecation frequency and the degree of discomfort of constipative patients were similar in both groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The time of first defecation and time of completion of bowel cleansing of constipative patients in experimental group were shorter than those in control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The bowel cleansing quality of constipative patients in experimental group was better than that of control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).There was no difference in defecation frequency and adverse reaction between 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Combination of mosapride and PEG for colonoscopy preparations of patients with functional constipation tends to shorten times of first defecation and completion of bowel cleansing,and to increase the bowel cleansing quality.

Objective　To observe the effects of epithelial growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on wound healing of the penetration keratoplasty (PKP) with autograft in rabbits. Methods　After the establishment of penetrating keratic autograft model on 24 rabbits, they were equally divided into EGF-, bFGF-, EGF+bFGF-treated and control groups. The wound healing of all the animals were observed with healing intensity, liquid scintillation counter, AgNORs staining, VG staining and transmission electron microscopy. Results　①EGF, bFGF, and EGF+bFGF increased the limiting pressure of the wounds and the 3H-TdR incorporation. ②The fibroblast cells and its secreting proliferative collagen in both the bFGF group and EGF+bFGF group were more well-arranged. Conclusion　①EGF, bFGF, EGF+bFGF can obviously elevate the intensity of wound healing after PKP and enhance the synthesis of DNA. ②The effect of this agent combination is just as the same as bFGF applied alone 14 d after the operation. ③bFGF can improve the quality of wound healing after PKP.

Caloric restriction has been practiced over 500 years as a method for increasing both the length and quality of life.Experimental work confirming the success of this approac h in animals has accumulated in the last 100 years.Since 2000,emerging evidence in humans has shown that caloric restriction can delay the onset of age related diseases including reduced risk of obesity,diabetes,cardiovascular disease,cancer,and neurodegenerative disorders.The mechanisms and clinical applications have been extensively studied.

The link between Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) and papillary thyroid cancer(PTC) has long been a topic of controversy.Some authors suggested that these two disorders are positively correlated,whereas others reported no relationship.Here we summarized the studies made in investigating the correlation between HT and PTC,and analyzed the nature of the correlation between HT and PTC based on biomolecular mechanisms.