Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an organ specific autoimmune disorder affecting the life quality of patients.Glucocorticoids have been applied for many years in the treatment of TAO,though the side effects are the major concern.Recently,intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy is a novel and effective method for TAO treatment.Nevertheless this new strategy needs to be modified,and attention should be paid to the indications and contraindications in order to prevent liver damage when high dose methylprednisolone is applied.

The second part of (2008 edition)includes iodine deficiency disease,thyroditis and thyroid nodule.This guideline reaffirms the epidemic characteristics,the prevention and the management of iodine deficiency disease.It identifies the measurement of iodine nutritional status and the necessity of iodinized salt.It emphasizes the regular diagnosis and treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis,and also mentions the advancement on differential diagnosis and rational therapy of thyroid nodules.In addition,it gives some advices on the management of thyroid nodules in two special groups(pregnant women and children).

Severe aplastic anaemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow.Immunosuppressive therapy(IST)consisting of antithymocyte or antilymphocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine has been recommended for children lacking HLA-matched sibling donor.For children unresponsive to initial immunosuppressive therapy or those who relapsed after first immunosuppressive therapy,they can choose repeat course of immunosuppressive therapy,allogeneic hernatopoietic stem cell transplantation,new drugs or clinical trials.And the prognosis has been greatly improved in recent years,dueing to the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the application of new drugs such as eltrombopag.This article reviews researches advance in different therapies for children with relapsed or refractory severe aplastic anaemia,aimed at guaiding treatment methods.

Taking the characteristics of Indian students into account,teaching quality can be improved by these means:thorough preparation before class,various application for teaching,mutual and interactive communication and inspiration.

Objective To introduce the surgical technique and results of total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods　Reviews.Results　As a result of TME, local recurrence rates have declined from 20%-30% to 3%-8%, 5-year survival rate have risen to 75%, and the rates of sphincter preservation have risen too.Conclusion　Total mesorectal excision reduces the local recurrence rates and raise the survival figures after excision of rectal cancer. Patients have a high quality of life.

Biotech is currently the fastest growing sector in drug industry. Globally biotech products generated revenues of $55bn in 2004, in a total drug market worth $550bn. The USA is the primary market of biotech products, being the source of approximately half of sales in 2004. About 55% of biopharmaceuticals’ sales in 2004 came from the five leading products (Erythropoietin,Interferon,Human insulin,G-CSF,Rituximab).Great progress has been made in the biotech market of China over the last few years. About 60%~70% of recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals are expressed in mammalian cells in USA and EU, while most recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals are expressed in E.coli in China. Most biopharmaceuticals expressed in mammalian cell can’t be manufactured in China. The biotech industry comprise numerous, mostly small organizations. These organizations typically employ less than 100 people. Most biotech companies have never brought a product to market before they disappear. Therefore, it is very important for biotech companies to make an appropriate development strategy.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common infectious pathogen in children and the main cause of death in children under 5 years of age.It can lead to non-invasive pneumococcal diseases such as sinusitis and otitis media, as well as invasive pneumococcal diseases(IPD) such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia.IPD is a serious infectious disease in children, with high morbidity and mortality.However, the incidence of IPD in children varies significantly among different ages, genders and regions.Penicillin used to be the first choice for the treatment of IPD.With the widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice, the problem of drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to increase.The situation of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in China has been very serious, and some data show that the multiple drug resistance rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is as high as 88.7%.As a result, streptococcus pneumococcal vaccines have emerged as the primary means of reducing the incidence of IPD, in addition, it is effective in reducing the spread of drug-resistant strains.This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, common invasive pneumococcal disease in children, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of IPD in children.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of glycine on the lung injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis(ANP). Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation, ANP group,pretreated group and treatment group(with intravenous glycine 1g/kg). Serum TNF ? level,glutathione (GSH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in pulmonary homogenate were determined at 6, 12, and 24h hours after ANP induced. Pulmonary pathology and 3 day survival rate were compared between the groups.Results Compared with ANP group,in glycine pretreated group serum TNF ? level significantly reduced at 6,12, and 24h,while in glycine treatment group serum TNF ? level decreased at 24-hour . In glycine pretreated group or treatment group, the pulmonary GSH content were decreased.In both glycine pretreated group and glycine treatment group, pulmonary MPO activity decreased at 12 and 24h,and pulmonary pathologic severity significantly ameliorated and survival rate increased. Conclusions Although glycine can not increase the GSH synthesis,but giving prophylactic or therapeutic glycine may be effective in improving acute lung injury in ANP, probably through the inhibition of the infiltration and activation of leukocytes.

Neovascularization is the main cause of the vision loss of the patients sufferring from proliferative diabetic retinopathy,retinopathy of prematurity and age-related macular degeneration.It is proved that collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix contribute to the choroidal and retinal neovascularization in vitro and in vivo.Among the extracellular matrix-related adhesion molecules,integrin α5β1 could enhance the cell adhesion and hyperplasy,while its inhibitors could restrain the choroidal and retinal neovascularization in vivo,so are the inhibitors of the integrin α V β3 and α V β5.Selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mainly affect the neovascularization as the medium between the endothelial cells and the leucocytes.It is demonstrated that the extracellular matrix degradationrelated serine proteinases (mainly urokinase-type plasminogen activator ) /matrix metalloproteinases (mainly MMP-2 and MMP-9)also could induce the choroidal and retinal neovascularization in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase could prevent that and the further study of the extracellular matrix-related molecules would bring out new insights and methods for the precaution and treatement of the ocular neovascularization.

Caloric restriction has been practiced over 500 years as a method for increasing both the length and quality of life.Experimental work confirming the success of this approac h in animals has accumulated in the last 100 years.Since 2000,emerging evidence in humans has shown that caloric restriction can delay the onset of age related diseases including reduced risk of obesity,diabetes,cardiovascular disease,cancer,and neurodegenerative disorders.The mechanisms and clinical applications have been extensively studied.