Purpose:To evaluate the effects of surgery plus irradiation for olfactory neuroblastoma Methods:From January 1975 to February 1998 fourteen patients with olfactory neuroblastoma (kadish dassification:One case in stage A, 8 in the Stage B, 5 in stage C) were resected and giver radiotherapy to an average dose of 6000 cGy to primary lesions.Results:Six of the 14 patients have been living for 2—24 years. 8 died (5 of recurrence and 3 of distant metastasis)in 6 months to 4 years after diagnosis.Conclusions: There is a high rate of pathologic misdiagnosis in olfactory neuroblastoma. Immunohistologic examination and electron microscopic study are benifitial for diagnosis. Surgery plus irradiation is a suitable method for olfactory neuroblastoma. Radiotherapy is able to reduce local recurrence after surgery and increase resectability rate as well as to control distant metastasis.

As an important component of functional magnetic resonance imaging,diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) can provide qualitative and quantitative information for tumor evaluation and distinguish esophageal lesions and mediastinal lymph node metastasis.DWI-computed tomography fusion images facilitate the delineation of target volume.During radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma,monitoring the changes in apparent diffusion coefficient value helps to predict the early treatment outcomes and prognosis;DWI compensates for the shortcomings of radiography alone in the evaluation of short-term treatment outcomes.This paper reviews the application of DWI in the diagnosis,delineation of target volume,assessment of treatment outcomes,and prognostic prediction in radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma.

Objective To analyse the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)for hepatic carcinomas.Methods 81 patients with advanced hepatic carcinoma were treated at every turn of 200-400 cGy to a total dose of 4800-5500 cGy.Average-dose was 4580 cGy.Following up time was 225 monthes.Recent effect was evaluated according to WHO tumor evaluation standard.Results 81 patients accomplished the treatment.The local response rate was 82.7 ％(67/81)after treatment with 21 cases CR,46 cases PR.The 1,2 year overall survival rates were 43 ％,26 ％.In the multivariate analysis,the recent effect,the total dose,metastasis,clinical staging,the diameter of the tumors and Child grade presages had statistical significance for overall survival(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion 3D-CRT is preferable therapeutic action for primary hepatic carcinomas and can prolong the survival term.

Objective To evaluate the effect of ginsenoside-Rg3 on cellular immune function of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy. Methods 50 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy were ran-domly divided into Rg3 group ( n=25 ) and control group ( n=25 ) . After the radiotherapy, the peripheral blood lymphocy of each group were collected. MTT method was used to detect lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte sub-group was detected by Flow Cytometry/financal capacity model. IgG,IgM and Th1/Th2 cytokines was detected by ELISA. Results Ginsenoside Rg3 could promote the proliferation of lymphocytes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy,upregulation of CD4 +,CD4 +/CD8 +,IgG,IgM,IL-2,downregulation of CD8 +,IL-6,and showed dose dependent. Conclusion Rg3 ginsenosides can significantly enhance the peripheral blood lymphocyte immune function of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy. Rg3 ginsenosides may be a potential im-mune immunosuppression caused by nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy enhancer antagonism.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanisms of the Berberine on the human breast adenocarci-noma cell line MCF-7 . Methods MTT method was used to evaluate the proliferation effect of MCF-7 and the per-centage of apoptotic cells were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The expressions of JAK2, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, STAT3, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleavage-PARP and Cleavage-Caspase3 were detected by Western blotting. Results The results showed that BBR treatment decreased the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway and up-regulated the expression of Bax, Caspase3 and PARP activation with the decrease of the expression of Bcl-2. Wherefore, ex-pression of the constitutively active form of STAT3 could attenuate the effect of BBR on the MCF-7 cell. Conclusion Berberine can induces apoptosis and proliferation inhibition of breast adenocarcinoma cell lines of MCF-7 through inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

A methylation is one of the important approaches for regulation of gene expression. It plays a role in tumor development and progression and is closely associated with the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. The aberrant DNA methylation in cancer cells can provide biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer. Moreover, it can contribute to the evaluation of the efficacy of radiotherapy, radiosensitivity enhancement, prognostic assessment, and disease monitoring. In order to provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of the epigenetic mechanisms for radioresistance of cancer cells, this paper reviews the relationship between DNA methylation and radiosensitivity and the potential value of DNA methylation in radiotherapy.

Acute radiation dermatitis is one of the most common toxicities of radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It leads to a series of symptoms such as erythema, desquamation and necrosis, which severely affect the quality of life. No concensus has been achieved on the standard prevention and treatment. In this article, literature review was performed in the prevention and treatment of acute radiation dermatitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and relevant problems and prospects were proposed, aiming to provide certain reference for clinical trial and scientific research.

Objective To investigate the role of cancer stem cells in radiation resistance of esophageal cancer and its molecular mechanism, and to provide a theoretical basis for radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.Methods Esophageal cancer cell line TE1 was treated with 8 Gy of radiation. Esophageal cancer cell line with resistance to radiation, TE1-res, was established and screened.Cell counting was used to evaluate cell proliferation.Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of CD44 (high) CD24(-) CD133(+) and apoptosis in cells.The colony formation assay was used to determine the colony-forming rate and cell survival curve.Bisulfite sequencing PCR was used to determine the methylation status of cancer suppressor genes.Comparison of the data was made by group t test or analysis of variance. Results Compared with TE1 cells, TE1-res cells had significantly enhanced proliferation, a significantly higher proportion of CD44( high) CD24(-) CD133(+) cells, and significantly enhanced resistance to apoptosis (mean value 20.84×105 vs.4.46×105/day, P=0.008;(38.0±2.9)%vs.(10.1±1.3)%, P=0.001;mean value 33.23% vs.10.50%, P=0.003 ) .After treatment with 8 Gy of radiation, TE1-res cells had significantly higher colony-forming rate and D0 value than TE1 cells ((14.3±2.6)%vs.(0.9±0.3)%, P=0.011;3.28 vs.2.19 Gy, P=0.125 ) .Moreover, the promoter methylation in cancer suppressor genes including SPINT2, CDKN1B, DKK1, TP53, and PPP2R1B was significantly enhanced in TE1-res cells than in TE1 cells ((89.7±4.9)%vs.(5.0±0.5)%, P=0.001;(92.3±4.7)%vs.(10.4±0.7)%, P=0.001;(90.7±3.7)%vs.(7.9±0.4)%, P=0.001;(83.4±5.7)%vs.(17.2±1.2)%, P=0.002;(90.2±
6.7)%vs.(4.4±1.2)%, P=0.002).Conclusions Cancer stem cells play an important role in radiation resistance of esophageal cancer. The resistance to radiation is closely associated with promoter hypermethylation in cancer suppressor genes including SPINT2, CDKN1B, DKK1, TP53, and PPP2R1B.

Objective To investigate the role of miR?193a?3p in the radioresistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( ESCC) . Methods MTT assay was used to identify the cell lines with the highest radiosensitivity and radioresistance in four esophageal cancer cell lines exposed to irradiation of 6 MV X?ray. Stem?loop quantitative real?time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of miR?193a?3p, miR?155, and miR?22?3P in the two cell lines. Further studies were performed on miR?193a?3p because of the substantial difference in its expression between the two cell lines. The mimic (3PM) and antagomiR (3PA) of miR?193a?3p as well as siRNA ( si?LOXL4) were synthesized and transfected into cells to elevate and inhibit miR?193a?3p expression. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of miR?193a?3p and its downstream gene LOXL4 on radiosensitivity. Results KYSE510 and KYSE410 were characterized as cell lines with the highest radiosensitivity and radioresistance, respectively. miR?193a?3p had a substantially larger difference in expression between the two cell lines than miR?155 or miR?22?3P (1. 00 ∶ 21. 00). Transfection of 3PM resulted in elevated expression of miR?193a?3p in KYSE510, which had a significantly lower radiosensitivity and a significantly reduced apoptosis ratio by 11. 01% compared with the control group ( P<0. 05) . KYSE410 transfected with 3PA had a significantly higher radiosensitivity ( P<0. 05) . The expression of LOXL4, a downstream gene of miR?193a?3p, was negatively correlated with miR?193a?3p expression. Transfection with si?LOXL4 inhibited the expression of LOXL4, which resulted in a significantly lower radiosensitivity and a significantly reduced apoptosis ratio by 7. 07% compared with the control group ( P<0. 05) . Conclusions miR?193a?3p promotes the radioresistance of esophageal cancer cells probably by regulation of LOXL4.

Objective To establish a radioresistant esophageal squamous cancer cell line,and to identify the radioresistant genes and mechanisms.Methods The radioresistant KYSE410-res cell line was established by repeated exposure of cell line KYSE410 to radiation.The proliferation and apoptosis of esophageal squamous cancer cells were evaluated before and after radiation.The changes in gene expression of the esophageal squamous cancer cells after radiation were determined by gene microarray and analyzed by group t test.The genes with significant difference in expression after radiation were validated.Results The KYSE410-res cells had significantly enhanced proliferation and anti-apoptosis than the KYSE410 cells (all P＜0.05).The result of gene microarray showed that compared with the KYSE410 cells,the KYSE410-res cells had the expression of 463 and 251 genes upregulated and downregulated by no less than 4 folds,respectively.Those genes with different expression levels after radiation were mainly responsible for cell proliferation,adhesion,signal transduction,angiogenesis,reactive oxygen metabolism,cell damage repair,and the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.OAS2 and UBD were key proteins in the network.In the KYSE410-res cells,the expression of HLA-DQBI,MMP1,NCAM1,ZNF521,GPC6,SELENBP1,LCN15,and TFPI-2 genes measured by real-time PCR was consistent with that measured by gene microarray.Conclusions Abnormal activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway,upregulated expression of OAS2 and UBD,downregulated expression of TFPI-2,and upregulated expression of MMPs may play a role in radioresistance of esophageal cancer cells.